Chapter
1.5 Sources of further information and advice
Testing laboratories and technical advice
Chapter 2: Structure and properties of carpet fibres and yarns
2.2 Structure and properties of carpet fibres
2.2.2.2 Chemical and physical structure of wool
2.2.3 Wool quality and its significance
2.2.3.1 Mean fibre diameter
2.2.3.2 Fibre length after carding
2.2.3.6 Vegetable matter contamination
2.3 Carpet yarn engineering
2.3.1.1 Hot-fluid-technique
2.3.5 Wool yarn manufacturing
2.4.1 Pre-spinning yarn finishing
2.4.4 Post-spinning yarn finishing
2.4.4.6 Anti-soil/anti-stain
2.5 Carpet yarn testing and quality control
2.6 Carpet/rugs industry and environment
Chapter 3: Advances in carpet weaving
3.2 Face-to-face carpet weaving
3.2.1 Double rapier weaving for cut-pile carpets
3.2.2 Triple rapier weaving for cut pile carpets
3.2.3 Triple rapier weaving for cut and loop pile carpets
3.2.4 Double rapier weaving for long pile carpets
3.2.5 Triple rapier weaving for sisal look carpets
3.4 Wire Wilton and loop pile weaving
3.4.1 Wire Wilton weaving
3.5 Automation in carpet-weaving mills
3.5.3 Networking and process control
3.6 Management of carpet-weaving factory
3.6.1 Complete carpet-weaving process
3.6.2 Design possibilities
3.6.3 Maintenance of machines
3.6.4 Raw material specification
3.6.5 Calculation of production and unit cost
3.6.6 The market for woven carpet
Chapter 4: Recycling carpet materials
4.2 Quantification of carpet waste
4.2.1 Pre-consumer or industrial waste
4.2.2 Post-consumer or used carpet waste
4.3 Methods of dealing with carpet waste
4.4 Carpet recycling and related issues
4.4.3 Reuse in alternative forms
4.4.4 Current status of carpet recycling
4.5 Highlights of past and current innovations
4.6 Public awareness and dissemination
4.6.4 Future scope of carpet recycling
4.6.5 Sources for further information
Chapter 5: Developments in wool carpet manufacture
5.2 Wool supply and early stage processing
5.2.1 Carpet wool production
5.3 Processing routes for wool
5.3.2 Semiworsted asnd worsted carpet yarn
5.4 Technologies for wool carpet yarns
5.4.1 Twistset™ (formerly known as Chemset5)
5.4.5 Insect-resist treatments
5.4.6 Zeacrimp™ high bulk nylon (HBN)
5.5 Manufacturing techniques for wool carpets
5.6 Technologies for tufting wool carpets
5.6.2 Yarn supply to tufting
5.6.3 Technologies to enhance wool carpets
Anti-photobleaching treatment
Enhanced scouring treatment
Agents for rapid wool dyeing
Fibre surface modification
Prevention of pile reversal
5.7 Wool carpet performance
5.7.1 Performance testing
5.8 Selecting the most appropriate wool carpet
5.9.1 Marketing and promotional needs
5.9.2 Maintenance of supply
5.10 Sources of further information and advice
5.10.1 Wools of New Zealand Carpet Technical Information Bulletins
Chapter 6: Developments in textile sports surfaces
6.2 Key requirements of sports surfaces
6.3 Types of textiles used in relation to the sports surfaces
6.4 Role of textiles in meeting performance requirements
6.4.1 Choice of polymers for artificial turf fibres or yarns
6.4.2 Role of the resilience of the fibres and yarns
6.4.3 Materials and methods for resilience measurements
6.5 Sliding and temperature, related to the used textiles
6.5.1 Problem and objective
6.5.2 Design of the test setup
6.5.3 Measurements: temperature and sliding distance
6.5.4 Influence of the height of strewing of infill material on the sliding
6.5.5 Calculation of the temperature increase at the surface of the skin
6.7 Applications and examples of artificial turf fields
6.7.1 Existing artificial turfs
6.7.3 Advantages of artificial turf fields
6.7.4 Weaknesses of the existing artificial turf fields
Temperature of the artificial turf field
6.7.5 Conclusions concerning existing artificial turf fields
Chapter 7: Reducing static electricity in carpets
7.2 Principles of static electricity in carpeted environments
7.2.1 Some basic principles and terminology
7.2.2 A simple electronic model of electrostatic charging
7.2.3 The role of materials in charge generation
7.2.4 The effect of atmospheric humidity
7.2.5 Electrostatic discharge (ESD) risk thresholds
7.2.6 Static charge build-up on walking personnel
7.2.7 Measurements made on floor materials
7.2.7.1 Point-to-point resistance or surface resistance
7.2.7.2 Resistance-to-ground
7.2.7.3 Vertical resistance
7.2.7.4 Human body voltage (walking test)
7.3 Methods of reducing static electricity in carpet materials
7.3.1 Choice of materials
7.3.1.1 Conductive fibres
7.4 Test methods and standards
7.4.1 Standard organisations
7.4.2 Comparison of methods for measuring resistance
7.4.3 Comparison of methods for walking tests
7.4.4 Performance requirements for floor coverings
7.5.1 Offices, retail, and domestic environments
7.5.2 Electronics industry
7.5.3 Environments where flammable atmospheres may be present
7.6.1 Standard test methods
7.6.2 Static control in health care environments
7.7 Sources of further information and advice
Chapter 8: The acoustic and thermal properties of carpeted floors
8.1 Introduction: Carpet as an acoustic material
8.2 Acoustic properties and testing
8.2.1 The acoustic properties of wool carpets
8.3.2 Heat transmission and heat insulation
8.3.3 Thermal properties of different carpet fibres
8.3.6 Physiological effects
8.4 Wool carpets and underfloor heating
8.4.2 Floor coverings and underfloor heating
8.4.4 Backings and underlays
8.4.6 Basic requirements for wool carpets to be used on heated floors
8.4.6.1 Thermal resistance
8.4.6.2 Determination of thermal resistance: Instrumental measurement
8.4.6.3 Determination of thermal resistance: Estimation
8.4.6.4 Influence of carpet construction on thermal resistance
8.4.7.1 Electrostatic testing
8.4.7.2 Electrostatic protection
8.4.8 Test for deterioration of pile or backing (ageing)
8.4.10 Dimensional stability
8.5 Installation of carpets on heated floors
Chapter 9: Finishing of carpets for value addition
9.1.1 Need for Value addition in carpet finishing
9.1.2 Precautions to be taken during finishing process of carpets
9.2 Fire retardant finishes: Introduction
9.2.1 Mechanism of flame retardance
9.2.2 Non-durable and semidurable flame retardants
9.2.3 Durable flame retardants
9.2.4 Methods of evaluation of flame retardance
9.3 Soil-release finish: Introduction
9.3.1 Parameters governing soil-release finishing
9.3.2 Application of soil-release finishes
9.3.3 Mechanism of soiling
9.3.4 Mechanism of soil-release finishing
9.3.5 Recent developments and future trends
9.4 Water-, oil-, and stain-repellent finishes: Introduction
9.4.1 Mechanism of repellence
9.4.2 Chemistry and classification of repellent finishes
9.4.3 Evaluation of repellence [49]
9.5 Antistatic finishing: Introduction
9.5.1 Chemistry and classification of antistatic finishing agents
9.5.2 Mechanism of antistatic finishing
9.5.3 Evaluation of antistatic finishing agents [49]
9.6 Antimicrobial finishing: Introduction
9.6.1 Chemistry and classification of antimicrobial finishes
9.6.2 Mechanism of antimicrobial finishing
9.6.3 Evaluation of antimicrobial finishing agents
9.7 Insect-repellent finishes
9.7.1 Mechanism of insect-repellant finishes
9.7.2 Chemistry of insect-repellent finishes
9.7.3 Evaluation of insect-repellent finishes
9.8 Carpet finishing with the softeners
9.8.1 Mechanism of softening
9.8.2 Chemistry and classification of softeners
9.8.3 Evaluation of softeners
9.9.1 Mechanism of encapsulation of aroma oils and application on fabric
9.9.2 Mechanism of release of aroma
9.9.3 Chemistry and classification of aroma finishes
9.9.4 Evaluation of aroma finishes
9.10 Type of finishing vis-à-vis procedure applicable for carpets
Chapter 10: Developments in handmade carpets: Introduction
10.2 The history of handmade carpets
10.3 Modern handmade carpet production
10.4 Carpet production in India
10.5 Carpet production in Iran [6]
10.6 Carpet production in China [8]
10.7 Carpet production in Pakistan
10.8 Carpet production in Nepal [10]
10.9 Carpet production in Turkey [11]
10.10 Carpet production in Europe
10.10.4 Scandinavian carpets
10.11 The international trade in carpets
10.11.1 Handmade carpet export, import, and the market share as at 2001 [12]
10.11.2 International trade statistics [13]
10.11.3 Trade in wool-knotted carpets by the top 20 countries [14]
10.11.4 Trade in wool-woven carpets by the top 20 countries
10.11.5 Trade in wool-tufted carpets by the top 20 countries
10.11.7 Current and comprehensive trade statistic: 2011–15
10.12 Terminology in carpet production
10.13 The role of handmade carpets in modern carpet production
10.14 Choosing and maintaining a handmade carpet
Sources of further information and advice
Appendix Terminology relating to handmade carpets
Chapter 11: Developments in handmade carpets: Design and manufacture
11.1.1 Key issues in design
11.1.2.1 History and origin
The Mongolian inspiration
Different types of historical carpets
11.1.2.2 Types of carpets
11.1.2.3 Typical classification
11.2 Traditional carpet designs
11.2.2 Bakhshaish carpets
11.3 Key stages in design
11.5.1 Requirements for wool in carpets
11.8 Other natural fibres
11.11 Manufacturing and techniques
11.11.1 Machine-made carpet
11.11.1.1 Others (braiding and fusion bonding)
11.11.2 Handmade carpets and features in comparison
11.11.2.6 Carpet manufactures in India
11.11.3 Handmade carpet production
11.11.3.1 Tibetan technique (Fig. 11.40)
11.11.3.2 Hand tufting technique
11.11.3.3 Flowchart of hand-tufted carpet manufacturing
11.11.3.4 Loom-made carpets (broad loom technique)
11.11.3.5 Chain-stitch rugs
11.11.3.6 Carpet backing for hand-tufted/hand-loom carpet
11.12 Key terms in manufacturing
11.13 Weaving of handmade carpets
11.13.1 Developments in loom design
11.13.2 Carpet washing and finishing
11.14.5 Sprout resistant terry pile
11.16.4 Acid milling dyes
11.16.5 1:1 Metal complex dyes
11.16.6 1:2 Metal complex dyes
11.17 Chemical processing and dyeing of silk
11.17.1 Dyeing methods for silk
11.18 Natural colours for wool and silk carpets [9–12]
11.19 Eco-friendly and organic carpet manufacture
11.22 Customer attitudes to quality
11.23 Guideline for setting up of a carpet weaving unit
11.23.2 Exemplary proposal
11.23.2.1 Production planning
11.23.2.2 Site plan and layout
11.23.3 Cost–benefit analysis of the exemplary project proposal
Chapter 12: Developments in the thermal processing of carpets
12.2 Carpet yarn twist setting
12.2.1 Fundamentals of twist setting
12.3 Carpet dyeing and finishing
12.3.1 Batch dyeing – atmospheric dye beck
12.4 Carpet drying after dyeing and finishing
12.4.1 Fundamentals of drying mechanisms
12.6 Energy consumption and management
12.6.1 Energy consumption
12.6.2 Control measures and energy management
12.6.3 Low wet pickup dyeing
Chapter 13: Carpets from buyer's viewpoint
13.2 Wholesaler’s requirements
13.3 Retailer's requirements
13.5 Warranty and guarantee
13.7 Price, delivery, and quantity
13.8 Classification of carpets: Brief
13.9 Product development in retrospect and prospect
Chapter 14: Processing and finishing in carpet
14.2 Associated chemical process
14.2.1 Scouring and dyeing of carpet yarns
14.2.1.1 Woollen yarn scouring
14.2.1.3 Mordant dyes [1]
14.2.1.5 Acid milling dyes [5]
14.2.1.6 1:1 Metal complex dyes [6]
14.2.1.7 Metal complex dyes [7]
14.3.1 Finishing of hand-knotted carpets
14.3.2 Inspection and mending
14.3.3.2 Shearing and separation of yarn
14.3.4 Antique and eco-friendly
14.4.1 Advantages of the newly developed process
14.4.2 Chemical processing on handmade woollen carpets
14.4.2.1 Merits of the process
14.4.2.2 Demerits of the process
14.5 Printing of carpets [9]
14.5.1 Styles and methods
14.5.2 Digital printing of carpet
14.5.2.2 Piezoelectric print heads
14.5.2.3 Thermal–pulse print heads
14.5.2.4 Continuous inkjet print heads
14.5.2.5 Advantages of digital printing on carpets
14.5.2.6 After-treatments
14.6 Chemical used for processing
14.6.1 Ingredients—Profile, Structure, and function
14.6.2.1 Definition: Substances of very high concern (SVHC)
14.6.2.2 Tolerance level: In the product, more than 0.1% on weight of material should not be present
14.7 Finishing of machine made carpets: Tufted and woven
14.7.2 Production planning
14.7.3 Cabling and heat setting
14.7.6.1 Application brief
14.7.7 Mechanical finishing
14.7.7.1 Post-back finishing
14.7.8 Chemical finishing
14.7.8.1 Soil release finish
14.7.8.2 Anti-static finish
14.7.8.3 Flame Retardant Finish (FR finish)
14.7.9 Inspection, Mending, Cutting and Sewing
14.7.10 Quality Assurance
14.8 Woven machine made carpets
Chapter 15: Carpet cleaning and maintenance
15.2 Principles of carpet soiling
15.3 Principles of cleaning
15.3.1 Cleaning chemicals
15.3.2 Non-detergent chemicals
15.4.1 Planning a maintenance programme
15.4.2 Preventative maintenance
15.4.3.1 Canister, tub, or tank suction cleaner
15.4.3.2 Upright suction cleaner
15.4.3.3 Pile lifter suction cleaner
15.4.3.4 Large-area suction cleaner
15.4.3.5 Loose carpet or area rug dusting
Installed dusting machines
15.4.4 Dealing with spillages and spot removal
15.4.4.1 Spot-removal techniques
15.4.4.2 Spot removal products
15.4.5 Maintenance systems
15.4.5.1 Foam aerosol spray method
15.4.5.2 Rotary pad (bonnet cleaning) method
15.4.5.3 Thermo-pad system
15.4.5.4 Absorbent compound cleaning method
15.4.5.5 Dry foam cleaning method—Cylindrical-brush shampoo machines
15.4.5.6 Crystallising or encapsulating detergent cleaning method
15.5 Intensive deep cleaning
15.5.1 On-location cleaning of fitted carpets and large-area rugs
15.5.1.1 Absorbent compound cleaning
15.5.1.2 Liquid shampoo cleaning methods
Domestic hand-operated shampoo cleaning machines
Rotary brush shampoo cleaning machines
15.5.1.3 Spray/extraction method
15.5.1.4 Carbon dioxide cleaning method
15.5.2 In-plant rug cleaning
15.5.2.2 Automatic rug washing
15.6 Combination cleaning methods
15.7 Cleaning chemicals for wool and other natural fibres
15.7.2 Fibre specific considerations
15.7.2.2 Cellulosic fibres
15.7.2.3 Synthetic fibres
15.8 Post-clean applications
15.8.3 Post-drying suction cleaning
15.9 Health, safety, and environmental considerations
15.10 Dos and don’ts in cleaning and maintenance of carpets of different varieties
Appendix 1 spot and stain removal guide
Chapter 16: Carpet wear performance
16.2 Appearance retention
16.2.1 Causes of appearance change
16.2.2 Evaluation of appearance retention
16.2.2.1 Subjective methods
16.2.2.2 Objective methods
16.3.1 Mechanics of carpet durability
16.3.2 Evaluation of carpet durability
16.3.2.1 Carpet thickness, compression, and recovery characteristics
16.3.2.2 Determination of thickness loss under dynamic loading
16.3.2.3 Determination of thickness loss and recovery after static loading
16.3.2.4 Tuft-withdrawal force
16.3.2.5 Surface pile mass density
16.3.2.6 Abrasion resistance
16.4 Factors affecting carpet wear performance
16.4.3 Carpet constructional parameters
16.4.4 Optimisation of carpet wear performance
Chapter 17: Classification of carpets
17.2.7 Hand-tufted (hand-hooked)
17.2.15 Structural variation by dyeing, mottling, and finishing
17.3 Machine-made carpets
17.3.4 CRT (carpet and rug tronic)
17.4.1 Antique, heirloom, and historical
17.4.3 Political and social
17.5.2 Man-made (synthetic) dyes
17.6.1 Natural fibres from animals
17.6.2 Natural fibres from plants
17.11 Environmental concern
17.12.1 Aviation or Aeroplane
Chapter 18: Performance measurement and management of handmade carpet industry
18.2 Review of literatures [3,4]
18.3 A brief about handmade carpet industry [5–8]
18.3.1 Glance of geographical boundaries (Table 18.2)
18.3.2 Product mix in handmade carpets at a glance
18.3.2.1 Varieties in types
18.3.2.2 Summary of product mix
18.3.3 HS code wise Global & Indian exports in 2015 (Source: http://www.trademap.org)
18.3.4 Major Regions of Indian handmade carpet industry and export contribution
18.3.5 Typical flowchart of process for handmade carpet
18.3.6 Scope and objective
18.3.6.1 The need for standardisation
18.3.6.2 A novel approach adoptable to revolutionise the industry
18.4 Performance measures of handmade carpet industry [9–11]
18.4.5 Unit value realisation
18.4.6 Generalised nine metrics
18.4.7 The salient features of handmade carpet and industry
18.5 Management of performance [12]
18.5.1 Performance analysis of Indian handmade carpet industry: Retrospect and prospect
18.5.2 Business performance target: Device format and exemplary document
18.5.3 Business performance evaluation technique: Exemplary one
18.5.4 Objective prediction for preventive management maintenance [13,14]
18.5.5 Template development
18.5.6 Creation of bank of KFs
18.5.7 Development of BPET I and II
18.5.8 Properties of BPET I and BPET II
18.5.9 Regrouping of metrics [15–17]
18.5.10 Comparison of BPET I and II and validation to financial index
18.6 Sources of further information and advice
Advances in Carpet Manufacture
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