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Crystallization in Multiphase Polymer Systems

Crystallization in Multiphase Polymer Systems

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Contents

List of Contributors

Preface

1 - Introduction on Crystallization in Multiphase Polymer Systems

1. INTRODUCTION TO POLYMER CRYSTALLIZATION

2. CRYSTALLIZATION IN MULTIPHASE POLYMER SYSTEMS

2.1 NUCLEATION IN POLYMER CRYSTALLIZATION

2.2 GROWTH OF LAMELLA

3. DIFFERENT TYPES OF POLYMER CRYSTALLIZATION IN MULTIPHASE SYSTEMS

3.1 FRACTIONATED CRYSTALLIZATION

3.2 TRANSCRYSTALLIZATION

3.3 CONFINED CRYSTALLIZATION

3.4 STRAIN-INDUCED CRYSTALLIZATION

3.5 COCRYSTALLIZATION

4. CRYSTALLIZATION IN BLOCK COPOLYMERS

5. CRYSTALLIZATION IN POLYMER BLENDS

6. CRYSTALLIZATION IN COMPOSITES AND NANOCOMPOSITES

7. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE CHALLENGES

REFERENCES

2 - Theoretical Aspects of Polymer Crystallization in Multiphase Systems

1. INTRODUCTION

2. CRYSTALLIZATION MECHANISMS IN MULTIPHASE POLYMER SYSTEMS

3. CRYSTALLIZATION THERMODYNAMICS OF MULTIPHASE POLYMER SYSTEMS

4. CRYSTALLIZATION KINETICS OF MULTIPHASE POLYMER SYSTEMS

4.1 ISOTHERMAL CRYSTALLIZATION

4.2 NONISOTHERMAL CRYSTALLIZATION

5. CRYSTALLIZATION MODELS OF MULTIPHASE POLYMER SYSTEMS

5.1 BREAKOUT CRYSTALLIZATION

5.2 CONFINED CRYSTALLIZATION

6. CRYSTALLIZATION MORPHOLOGY OF MULTIPHASE POLYMER SYSTEMS

6.1 LAMELLAR CRYSTALS

6.2 CYLINDRICAL MICELLE

6.3 CAPSULES

6.4 NANORIBBONS

6.5 FLOWERS

7. CONCLUSION AND OUTLOOK

REFERENCES

3 - Experimental Techniques for Understanding Polymer Crystallization

1. INTRODUCTION

2. DENSITY METHODS

3. THERMAL ANALYSIS

4. X-RAY DIFFRACTION

4.1 WIDE-ANGLE X-RAY DIFFRACTION

4.2 SMALL-ANGLE SCATTERING

5. SPECTROSCOPIC METHODS

5.1 INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY

5.2 RAMAN SCATTERING

5.3 NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE

6. MAPPING OF CRYSTALLINITY

7. CRYSTALLIZATION KINETICS

7.1 CALORIMETRY

7.2 MICROSCOPY

7.3 DILATOMETRY

7.4 LIGHT SCATTERING

7.5 X-RAY SCATTERING

8. CONCLUDING REMARKS

REFERENCES

4 - Effects of Mass Transport on Crystallization From Miscible Polymer Blends

1. INTRODUCTION

2. NUCLEATION OF SPHERULITES IN MISCIBLE BLENDS

2.1 INTRODUCTION

2.2 EFFECT OF THE TRANSPORT OF SUBSTITUENTS

2.3 EFFECT OF CONCURRENT LIQUID PHASE SEPARATION

3. GROWTH OF SPHERULITES IN MISCIBLE POLYMER BLENDS

3.1 INTRODUCTION: MASS TRANSFER AT THE GROWTH FRONT—THE ROLE OF THE DIFFUSION LENGTH

3.2 GROWTH AT THE LAMELLAR LEVEL

3.3 GROWTH AT THE FIBRIL (GROWTH ARM) LEVEL

4. CONCLUDING REMARKS

REFERENCES

5 - Crystallization Behavior of Crystalline–Amorphous and Crystalline–Crystalline Block Copolymers Containing Poly( ...

1. INTRODUCTION

2. MORPHOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT IN CRYSTALLINE–AMORPHOUS AND CRYSTALLINE–CRYSTALLINE BLOCK COPOLYMERS

3. CRYSTALLIZATION AND MICROPHASE SEPARATION OF BLOCK COPOLYMERS CONTAINING PLLA BLOCKS

3.1 IMMISCIBLE OR STRONGLY SEGREGATED SYSTEMS

3.2 POLY(L-LACTIDE)-BLOCK-POLYETHYLENE BLOCK COPOLYMER (TM OF PLLA≅TM OF PE)

3.3 POLY(STYRENE)-BLOCK-POLY(L-LACTIDE) DIBLOCK COPOLYMER [TC OF PLLA

3.4 POLY(4-METHYL-1-PENTENE)-BLOCK-POLY(L-LACTIDE) DIBLOCK COPOLYMER (TG OF SPMP≅TG OF PLLA)

3.5 POLY(L-LACTIDE-B-DIMETHYLSILOXANE-B-L-LACTIDE) TRIBLOCK COPOLYMER (TG OF PLLA﹥TG OR TM OF PDMS)

3.6 SYNDIOTACTIC POLY(P-METHYL STYRENE)-BLOCK-POLY(L-LACTIDE) BLOCK COPOLYMER (TG OF SPPMS﹥TG OF PLLA)

3.7 MISCIBLE OR WEAKLY SEGREGATED SYSTEMS

3.8 POLY(L-LACTIDE)-B-POLY(ETHYLENE OXIDE) DIBLOCK COPOLYMERS AND POLY(L-LACTIDE)-B-POLY(ETHYLENE OXIDE)-B-POLY(L-LACTIDE) TRIB ...

3.9 POLY(L-LACTIDE)-B-POLY(ε-CAPROLACTONE) BLOCK COPOLYMERS

3.10 POLY(L-LACTIDE)-B-POLY(VINYLIDENE FLUORIDE)-B-POLY(L-LACTIDE) TRIBLOCK COPOLYMERS

3.11 POLY(L-LACTIDE-B-2-DIMETHYLAMINOETHYL METHACRYLATE) DIBLOCK COPOLYMERS AND POLY(L-LACTIDE-B-2-DIMETHYLAMINOETHYL METHACRYLA ...

4. CRYSTALLIZATION AND MICROPHASE SEPARATION OF CONDUCTING BLOCK COPOLYMERS CONTAINING PLLA BLOCKS

4.1 POLY(3-HEXYLTHIOPHENE)-B-POLY(L-LACTIDE) DIBLOCK COPOLYMERS

5. CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

6 - Crystallization and Morphology of Block Copolymers and Terpolymers With More Than One Crystallizable Block

1. INTRODUCTION

2. CRYSTALLIZATION AND MORPHOLOGY OF DOUBLE CRYSTALLINE AB AND ABA DIBLOCK AND TRIBLOCK COPOLYMERS

2.1 MEDIUM AND STRONGLY SEGREGATED SYSTEMS

2.1.1 Diblock Copolymers of Polyethylene and Poly(l-Lactide)

2.1.2 Diblock Copolymers of Polyethylene and Poly(Ethylene Oxide)

2.1.3 Diblock Copolymers of Polyethylene and Poly(ε-Caprolactone)

2.1.4 Diblock Copolymers of Polypropylene and Poly(ε-Caprolactone)

2.1.5 Other Systems

2.2 MISCIBLE OR WEAKLY SEGREGATED SYSTEMS

2.2.1 Diblock Copolymers of Poly(Ethylene Oxide) and Poly(ε-Caprolactone)

2.2.2 Diblock Copolymers of Poly(Ethylene Oxide) and Poly(l-Lactide)

2.2.3 Block Copolymers of Poly(ε-Caprolactone) and Poly(Lactide)s

2.2.4 Other Systems

3. CRYSTALLIZATION AND MORPHOLOGY OF TRIPLE CRYSTALLINE ABC TRIBLOCK TERPOLYMERS

3.1 BLOCK TERPOLYMERS OF POLY(ETHYLENE OXIDE), POLY(ε-CAPROLACTONE), AND POLY(L-LACTIDE)

4. CONCLUSIONS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

7 - Crystallization Behavior of Semicrystalline Immiscible Polymer Blends

1. INTRODUCTION

2. FRACTIONATED CRYSTALLIZATION

3. ADDING COPOLYMERS

4. ADDING NANOPARTICLES

5. EFFECT OF FLOW

6. COCONTINUOUS MORPHOLOGIES

7. BLENDS IN THIN AND ULTRATHIN FILMS

8. CONCLUSIONS

NOMENCLATURE

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

8 - Crystallization Behavior of Miscible Semicrystalline Polymer Blends

1. INTRODUCTION

2. CRYSTALLIZATION BEHAVIOR OF MISCIBLE CRYSTALLINE/AMORPHOUS POLYMER BLENDS

3. CRYSTALLIZATION BEHAVIOR OF MISCIBLE CRYSTALLINE/CRYSTALLINE POLYMER BLENDS

3.1 SYSTEMS WITH SMALL MELTING POINT DIFFERENCE

3.2 SYSTEMS WITH LARGE MELTING POINT DIFFERENCE

4. CONCLUSIONS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

9 - Fractionated Crystallization in Polymer Blends

1. INTRODUCTION

2. DROPLET DISPERSIONS IN LIQUID MEDIA

3. FRACTIONATED CRYSTALLIZATION IN BLENDS

3.1 FRACTIONATED CRYSTALLIZATION IN CRYSTALLINE POLYMER MATRICES

4. BLENDS FROM NANOLAYER FILMS

4.1 ADDITIVES, CATALYST RESIDUES, AND SUBSTRATES

4.2 ORIGIN OF HETEROGENEOUS NUCLEATION IN POLYPROPYLENE

4.3 NATURE OF HETEROGENEOUS NUCLEATION: EFFECT OF NUCLEATING AGENTS

4.4 PROBING HOMOGENEOUS NUCLEATION

5. MISCIBLE BLENDS

6. DROPLETS FROM THIN FILMS

7. BLOCK COPOLYMERS

8. FRACTIONATED CRYSTALLIZATION USING TEMPLATES

9. CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

10 - Crystallization Behavior of Polymer Nanocomposites

1. INTRODUCTION

2. CRYSTALLIZATION IN POLYMER NANOCOMPOSITES

2.1 POLYMER NANOLAYERED NANOCOMPOSITES

2.2 METAL–POLYMER NANOCOMPOSITES

2.3 CARBON NANOTUBE–BASED NANOCOMPOSITES

2.4 CALCIUM CARBONATE NANOCOMPOSITES

2.5 SILICA NANOCOMPOSITES

2.6 NANOCELLULOSE-BASED NANOPARTICLES AS REINFORCEMENT IN POLYMER NANOCOMPOSITES

3. CONCLUDING REMARKS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

11 - Crystallization of Polymer Blend Nanocomposites

1. INTRODUCTION

2. FUNDAMENTALS OF CRYSTALLIZATION

2.1 POLYMER CRYSTALLIZATION

2.2 CRYSTALLIZATION IN POLYMER BLENDS

2.3 CRYSTALLIZATION IN POLYMER BLEND NANOCOMPOSITES

3. CRYSTALLIZATION IN POLYMER BLEND NANOCOMPOSITES: EFFECT OF NANOREINFORCEMENT ON THE CRYSTALLIZATION BEHAVIOR OF POLYMER BLEND

3.1 AMORPHOUS/CRYSTALLINE BLEND NANOCOMPOSITES

3.2 CRYSTALLINE/CRYSTALLINE BLEND NANOCOMPOSITES

3.3 THERMOPLASTIC–THERMOSET POLYMER BLEND NANOCOMPOSITES

4. CRYSTALLIZATION KINETICS IN POLYMER BLEND NANOCOMPOSITE

5. CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

12 - Transcrystallization in Polymer Composites and Nanocomposites

1. INTRODUCTION

2. MATERIALS AND PREPARATION TECHNIQUES

2.1 MATERIALS

2.2 PREPARATION TECHNIQUES AND APPARATUS

2.2.1 Transcrystallization in Quiescent State

2.2.2 Transcrystallization Induced by Shear Stress Pulling Out

2.2.2.1 Extruding and Injection Molding

3. CHARACTERIZATION

3.1 MORPHOLOGY AND CRYSTAL MODIFICATION

3.2 LAMELLAR STRUCTURES IN TRANSCRYSTALLINE REGION

3.3 MECHANICAL PROPERTY

4. FORMATION MECHANISMS AND MODELING

4.1 FORMATION MECHANISM

4.2 MODELING

5. CONCLUSIONS

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

REFERENCES

13 - Crystallization of Polymers in Confined Space

1. INTRODUCTION

2. CONFINED CRYSTALLIZATION IN BLOCK COPOLYMER

2.1 CRYSTALLINE-BLOCK-AMORPHOUS DIBLOCK COPOLYMERS

2.1.1 Hard Confined Crystallization

2.1.2 Soft Confined Crystallization

2.1.3 Crystal Orientation and Chain Folding in Crystalline State

2.2 CRYSTALLINE-B-CRYSTALLINE BLOCK COPOLYMER

2.2.1 Sequential Crystallization

2.2.2 Simultaneous Crystallization

3. CONFINED CRYSTALLIZATION IN ANODIC ALUMINUM OXIDE NANOPOROUS MEMBRANES

3.1 CRYSTALLIZATION BEHAVIOR IN ANODIC ALUMINUM OXIDE MEMBRANES

3.2 PREFERRED ORIENTATION OF CRYSTALLITES IN ANODIC ALUMINUM OXIDE

4. CONFINED CRYSTALLIZATION IN ELECTROSPUN NANOFIBERS

5. CONFINED CRYSTALLIZATION IN SOME OTHER SYSTEMS

5.1 THIN FILMS AND MULTILAYERS

5.2 EMULSIONS

5.3 POLYMER BLENDS

6. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE OUTLOOK

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

14 - Crystallization Behavior of Semicrystalline Polymers in the Presence of Nucleation Agent

1. INTRODUCTION

2. EXPERIMENTS

2.1 MATERIALS AND SAMPLE PREPARATION

2.1.1 Synthesis of Zinc Citrate Complex

2.1.2 Preparation of Poly(l-Lactic Acid) Blend Samples

2.1.3 Preparation of Isotactic Polypropylene Blend Samples

2.2 MEASUREMENTS

2.2.1 Differential Scanning Calorimetry

2.2.2 Wide-Angle X-Ray Diffraction

2.2.3 Polarized Optical Microscopy

2.2.4 Tensile Testing

2.2.5 Dynamic Mechanical Analysis

3. CRYSTALLIZATION BEHAVIOR AND NUCLEATION ANALYSIS OF POLY(L-LACTIC ACID) WITH A MULTIAMIDE NUCLEATING AGENT

3.1 ISOTHERMAL CRYSTALLIZATION BEHAVIOR

3.2 MELTING BEHAVIOR AFTER ISOTHERMAL CRYSTALLIZATION

3.3 NUCLEATION EFFICIENCY AND NUCLEATION ACTIVITY

3.4 SPHERULITE MORPHOLOGY

4. RAPID CRYSTALLIZATION OF POLY(L-LACTIC ACID) INDUCED BY A NANOSCALE ZINC CITRATE COMPLEX AS NUCLEATING AGENT

4.1 NONISOTHERMAL CRYSTALLIZATION AND MELTING BEHAVIOR

4.2 ISOTHERMAL CRYSTALLIZATION BEHAVIOR

4.3 SPHERULITE MORPHOLOGY AND NUCLEATION MECHANISM

4.4 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

5. CRYSTALLIZATION AND MELTING BEHAVIOR OF ISOTACTIC POLYPROPYLENE NUCLEATED WITH INDIVIDUAL AND COMPOUND NUCLEATING AGENTS

5.1 ISOTHERMAL CRYSTALLIZATION KINETICS

5.2 NONISOTHERMAL CRYSTALLIZATION BEHAVIOR

5.3 NONISOTHERMAL CRYSTALLIZATION ACTIVATION ENERGY

5.4 MELTING BEHAVIOR

6. CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

15 - Strain-Induced Crystallization

1. INTRODUCTION

2. STRESS–STRAIN RELATION DURING SIC

3. CHAIN RELAXATION, KINETICS, MORPHOLOGY, CHAIN CONFORMATION, AND EFFECT OF PROCESSING PARAMETERS

3.1 CHAIN RELAXATION

3.2 CRYSTALLIZATION KINETICS

3.3 MORPHOLOGY CHANGES

3.4 CHAIN CONFORMATION AND ORIENTATION

3.4.1 During Strain-Induced Crystallization

3.4.2 Strain-Induced Crystallization Versus Temperature-Induced Crystallization

3.5 EFFECT OF PROCESSING PARAMETERS

4. APPLICATIONS AND PROPERTIES

4.1 THERMAL TRANSITIONS

4.2 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

4.3 BARRIER PROPERTIES

4.4 PIEZOELECTRICITY

5. CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES

REFERENCES

FURTHER READING

16 - Effect of Ionic Liquids on the Crystallization Kinetics of Various Polymers and Polymer Electrolytes

1. INTRODUCTION

2. POLYMER CRYSTALLIZATION: SOME BASICS

3. DIFFERENT METHODS USED TO STUDY CRYSTALLIZATION KINETICS OF POLYMER AND POLYMER ELECTROLYTES

3.1 CRYSTALLIZATION KINETICS BY ISOTHERMAL METHOD

3.2 CRYSTALLIZATION KINETICS BY NONISOTHERMAL METHOD

3.3 GROWTH RATE OF CRYSTALLIZED SPHERULITES BY POLARIZED OPTICAL MICROSCOPY

3.4 CRYSTALLIZATION KINETICS STUDY PROBED BY DIELECTRIC SPECTROSCOPY

4. EFFECT OF IONIC LIQUIDS ON THE CRYSTALLIZATION KINETICS OF DIFFERENT POLYMERS AND POLYMER ELECTROLYTES

4.1 EFFECT OF IL ON CRYSTALLIZATION KINETIC BEHAVIOR OF POLYMERS/POLYMER ELECTROLYTES PROBED USING ISOTHERMAL METHOD

4.2 EFFECT OF IL ON CRYSTALLIZATION KINETIC BEHAVIOR OF POLYMERS/POLYMER ELECTROLYTES PROBED USING NONISOTHERMAL METHOD

4.2.1 Jeziorny's Method

4.2.2 Ozawa's Method

4.2.3 Mo's Method

4.3 GROWTH RATE OF CRYSTALLIZED SPHERULITES BY POLARIZED OPTICAL MICROSCOPY

5. CONCLUSIONS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

17 - Stereocomplex Crystallization of Polymers With Complementary Configurations

1. INTRODUCTION

2. STEREOCOMPLEXABLE POLYMERS

2.1 ALIPHATIC POLYESTER

2.1.1 Poly(Lactic Acid)

2.1.2 Poly(2-hydroxybutanoic acid) and Poly(2-hydroxy-3-methylbutanoic acid)

2.1.3 Poly(propylene succinate)

2.1.4 Poly(α-methyl-α-ethyl-β-propiolactones)

2.2 ALIPHATIC POLYCARBONATE

2.3 POLYAMIDE AND POLY(AMINO ACID)

2.4 POLYKETONE

2.5 POLY(METHYL METHACRYLATE)

2.6 OTHER POLYMERS

3. FACTORS INFLUENCING STEREOCOMPLEX CRYSTALLIZATION OF POLY(LACTIC ACID)

3.1 MOLECULAR WEIGHT

3.2 BLEND RATIO

3.3 STEREOREGULARITY

3.4 CRYSTALLIZATION CONDITION

4. PROMOTION OF STEREOCOMPLEX FORMATION IN POLY(LACTIC ACID)

4.1 STEREOBLOCK COPOLYMERIZATION

4.2 INCORPORATION OF NONCOVALENT BONDING UNITS

4.3 CHANGE OF MACROMOLECULAR ARCHITECTURE

4.4 POLYMER BLENDING

4.5 USE OF STRETCH OR SHEAR FLOW

4.6 USE OF POLYMER PROCESSING ADDITIVES

4.7 OTHER METHODS

5. CONCLUDING REMARKS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

Index

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

R

S

T

U

V

W

X

Y

Z

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