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Current Developments in Biotechnology and Bioengineering

Current Developments in Biotechnology and Bioengineering

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Contents

List of Contributors

Preface

1 - Advances in Solid-State Fermentation

1. Introduction

2. Important Aspects

3. Challenges in Process Engineering Parameters

4. Designs of Bioreactors in Solid-State Fermentation Processes

5. Modeling

6. Bioprocesses and Products Based on Solid-State Fermentation

7. Conclusion and Perspectives

References

Further Reading

2 - Advances in Porous Characteristics of the Solid Matrix in Solid-State Fermentation

1. Introduction

2. Role of Solid Matrix's Porous Characteristics in Solid-State Fermentation

2.1 Degradation of Solid Matrix

2.2 Microbial Growth in Solid-State Fermentation

2.2.1 Porous Characteristics of Solid Matrix Govern Accessibility of the Solid Matrix to the Microorganism

2.2.2 Porous Characteristics Affect Mass and Heat Transfer in Solid Matrix

3. Modification of Porous Characteristics of Solid Matrix Using Steam Explosion

4. Mechanism of Physical Structure Change During Steam Explosion and Solid-State Fermentation Process

5. Conclusions and Perspective

Acknowledgments

References

Further Reading

3 - Fungal Growth on Solid Substrates: A Physiological Overview

1. Introduction

2. The Growth of Filamentous Fungi

3. Protein Secretion in Filamentous Fungi

4. Fungal Growth on Solid Substrate

5. Fungal Bioproducts Obtainment: Solid-State Fermentation Versus Submerged Fermentation

6. Conclusion and Perspectives

References

4 - Kinetics of the Solid-State Fermentation Process

1. Introduction

2. Specific Growth Rate

3. Microbial Logarithmic or Exponential Growth Phase

4. Kinetics Measurement in Solid-State Fermentation

5. Oxygen Balance During Microbial Growth

6. Respiration Quotient and Some Considerations About Kinetic Determination in Solid-State Fermentation

7. Procedures to Determine the Specific Growth Rate in Solid-State Fermentation Processes

8. Conclusions

References

5 - Design of Bioreactors in Solid-State Fermentation

1. Introduction

2. General Aspects of Solid-State Fermentation Bioreactor Design

3. Classification of Bioreactors for Solid-State Fermentation

3.1 Laboratory-Scale Bioreactors

3.2 Pilot-Scale and Industrial-Scale Reactors

3.3 Bioreactors With Occasional Agitation and Without Forced Aeration

3.3.1 Tray Fermenter

3.3.2 Bioreactors With Occasional Agitation and Forced Aeration

3.3.2.1 Column Bioreactors

3.3.2.2 Bioreactors With Slow Continuous Agitation and Without Forced Aeration

3.3.2.3 Bioreactors With Slow Continuous Agitation and Forced Aeration

3.3.2.4 Bioreactors With Intermittent Mixing and Forced Aeration

3.4 Miscellaneous Designs

4. Conclusions

Acknowledgment

References

6 - Online Monitoring of Solid-State Fermentation Using Respirometry

1. Introduction

2. Development of Aeration Monitoring Devices in Solid-State Fermentation

3. Equipment Description, Principles, and Aspects of Automation

4. Online Monitoring: A Case Study

5. Merits of the Respirometry System

6. Conclusions and Perspectives

Acknowledgment

References

7 - Bioreactors for the Production of Biological Control Agents Produced by Solid-State Fermentation

1. Introduction

2. Conidia Production in Plastic Bag Bioreactors (Traditional Process)

3. Conidia Production in Static and Agitated Solid-State Fermentation Bioreactors

3.1 Tray Bioreactors

3.1.1 Production of Conidia From Beauveria bassiana in Tray Bioreactors

3.1.2 Production of Conidia From Metarhizium spp. in Tray Bioreactors

3.2 Packed Column Bioreactors

3.2.1 Production of Conidia of Metarhizium spp. in Packed Column Bioreactors

3.2.2 Production of Conidia From Beauveria bassiana in Packed Column Bioreactors

3.2.3 Production of Conidia From Coniothyrium minitans in Packed Column Bioreactors

3.3 Agitated Bioreactors

3.3.1 Production of Conidia From Metarhizium sp. in Agitated Bioreactors

3.3.2 Production of Conidia From Coniothyrium minitans in Agitated Bioreactors

3.3.3 Production of Conidia From Paecilomyces lilacinus in Agitated Bioreactors

4. Conclusions and Perspectives

References

8 - Solid-State Fermentation for the Production of Lipases for Environmental and Biodiesel Applications

1. Lipases

2. Lipase Production by Solid-State Fermentation

2.1 Microorganisms Most Often Used for Lipase Production by Solid-State Fermentation

2.2 Substrates Most Used for Lipase Production by Solid-State Fermentation

2.3 Directing Solid-State Fermentation to Produce Lipases With the Desired Activity

2.4 Simultaneous Lipase Production and Immobilization by Solid-State Fermentation

2.5 Applications of Lipases Produced by Solid-State Fermentation

3. Biofuels and Energy: Lipases in Biodiesel Synthesis

3.1 Biodiesel and Lipases: History and Prospects

3.2 Type of Biocatalyst Used in Biodiesel Synthesis

3.3 Biomass Processing for Biodiesel Application

4. Biocatalysis in Wastewater Treatment

4.1 Lipases in the Treatment of Food Industry Wastewaters

5. Conclusions and Perspectives

References

9 - Solid-State Fermentation for the On-Site Production of Cellulolytic Enzymes and Their Use in the Saccharificati ...

1. Introduction

2. Cellulolytic Enzymes

3. Production of Cellulolytic Enzymes by Solid-State Fermentation

4. Economic Aspects of On-Site Production of Cellulolytic Enzymes

5. Biomass Saccharification Using the Whole Solid-State Fermentation Medium

6. Conclusion and Perspectives

References

10 - Solid-State Fermentation for the Production of Proteases and Amylases and Their Application in Nutrient Medium ...

1. Introduction

2. Amylases

2.1 Classification

2.2 Market

2.3 Production by Solid-State Fermentation

3. Proteases (Peptidases)

3.1 Classification

3.2 Market

3.3 Production by Solid-State Fermentation

4. Use of Amylases and Proteases-Based Crude Extracts for Generic Medium

4.1 Flour-Rich Waste Streams for the Production of Crude Enzymes

4.2 Oilseed Meals for the Production of Crude Enzymes

5. Use of Generic Medium for the Production of Bioproducts of Industrial Interest

5.1 Production of Polyhydroxyalkanoates

5.2 Microbial Oil

5.3 1,3-Propanediol

5.4 Succinic Acid

6. Conclusions and Perspectives

References

11 - Solid-State Fermentation for Laccases Production and Their Applications

1. Introduction

2. Laccase Enzymes

2.1 Occurrence

2.2 Molecular Structure and Catalytic Action

2.3 Properties

3. Laccase Production Under Solid-State Fermentation Conditions

3.1 Synthetic or Inert Supports

3.2 Natural or Non-inert Supports

4. Solid-State Fermentation Bioreactors for Laccase Production

5. Applications

6. Conclusions and Perspectives

References

12 - Agricultural Residues as Animal Feed: Protein Enrichment and Detoxification Using Solid-State Fermentation

1. Introduction

2. Global Generation of Agro-Industrial Coproducts and Their Main Uses

2.1 Main Residues Used in Animal Feed

3. Solid-State Fermentation and Its Application in Animal Feed

3.1 Protein Enrichment by Solid-State Fermentation

3.2 Microbial Enzymes Used in Animal Feed

3.2.1 Xylanases

3.2.2 Cellulases

3.2.3 Pectinases

3.2.4 Amylases

3.2.5 Tannases

3.2.6 Phytase

4. Detoxification of Agro-Industrial Residues by Solid-State Fermentation

5. Conclusion and Prospects

References

13 - Secondary Metabolites Production: Physiological Advantages in Solid-State Fermentation

1. Introduction

2. Classical Regulatory Mechanisms (Initially Identified)

2.1 Induction

2.2 Carbon Catabolite Repression

2.3 Nitrogen Regulation

2.4 Phosphate Regulation

2.5 Feedback Regulation

3. A Wider View of Secondary Metabolite Regulation

3.1 Pathway-Specific Regulators

3.2 Global Regulators

3.3 Epigenetic Regulation

3.3.1 LaeA

4. Environmental Stimuli and Signal Transduction Cascades

4.1 cAMP-PKA

4.2 MAPK

5. Regulation of Secondary Metabolites in Solid-State Fermentation

5.1 Physiological Studies

5.1.1 Similarities With Submerged Fermentation (Parallels)

5.1.1.1 Precursor Effect

5.1.2 Particularities of Secondary Metabolism in Solid-State Fermentation

5.2 Molecular Studies

5.2.1 Environmental Stimuli That Trigger Physiology of Solid Medium

5.2.1.1 Direct Contact With Air

5.2.1.2 Support-Related Stimuli

5.2.2 Solid-State Fermentation–Environmental Stimuli and Regulation of Secondary Metabolites

5.2.3 Signal Transduction

6. Applications

6.1 Novel Processes and Bioreactors

6.1.1 Solid-State Fermentation Bioreactors (With Control Over SSF-Specific Stimuli)

6.1.2 Hybrid Solid-State Fermentation Liquid Culture Systems

6.1.3 Submerged Fermentation With Solid-State Fermentation–Specific Stimuli

6.2 Strain Genetic Improvement

7. Conclusions and Perspectives

Acknowledgment

References

Further Reading

14 - Solid-State Fermentation for the Production of Mushrooms

1. Introduction

2. Submerged Fermentation Versus Solid-State Fermentation

3. Basic Data for Mushroom Production Using Solid-State Fermentation

3.1 Species

3.2 Substrate

3.3 Environmental Conditions

3.4 Physiological and Metabolic Aspects

4. Products, Biological Activity, and Applications of Mushrooms in Solid-State Fermentation

4.1 Enzyme Production

4.2 Nutraceutics and Functional Foods

4.3 Bioremediation

4.4 Bioactive Compounds (Antitumor, Antiparasitic, and Immunomodulatory Activities)

4.5 Regulation of the Production of Bioactive Compounds by Mushrooms

5. Conclusions and Perspectives

References

15 - Solid-State Fermentation for Food Applications

1. Introduction

2. Enzyme Production for Food Applications

2.1 α-Amylases

2.2 Pectinases

2.3 Lipases

2.4 Tannases

2.5 Phytases

2.6 Xylanases

3. Food Additives

3.1 Preservatives

3.2 Flavoring Agents

3.3 Coloring Agents

4. Beverages and Condiments

5. Conclusions and Perspectives

References

16 - Solid-State Fermentation for the Production of Biosurfactants and Their Applications

1. Introduction

2. Substrates Used in Solid-State Fermentation

3. Microorganisms Used for the Production of Biosurfactants

4. Biosurfactant Structures

5. Bioreactors

6. Purification of Bioproducts

7. Scale-Up

8. Biosurfactant Applications in Industries

9. Conclusions and Perspectives

References

17 - Solid-State Fermentation for Vermicomposting: A Step Toward Sustainable and Healthy Soil

1. Introduction

2. Composting Versus Vermicomposting

3. Vermicomposting Process

3.1 Basic Requirements

3.2 Bedding

3.3 Feedstock

3.4 Moisture, Aeration, and Temperature

3.5 pH

3.6 Pests and Diseases

4. Soil Health

5. Vermicompost

5.1 Basic Biology of Earthworms

5.2 Vermidiversity

5.3 Biology of Vermicomposting Process

6. Role of Vermicomposting Process in Maintenance of Sustainable and Healthy Soil

6.1 Vermicomposting and Physico-Chemical Ecology of Soil

6.2 Vermicomposting and Soil Mineralization

6.3 Vermicomposting and Biological Ecology of Soil

6.3.1 Vermicomposting and Soil Biodiversity

6.3.2 Enzyme Activities

6.3.3 Hormones

6.4 Vermicomposting and Soil Nutrient Dynamics

6.5 Vermicomposting and Soil Humic Substances

6.6 Vermicomposting and Soil Decontamination

7. Vermicomposting and Its Agronomic Impacts

7.1 Mechanism of Vermicompost Effects on Plants

8. Global Overview of Vermicomposting

9. Conclusion and Future Perspectives

References

18 - Solid-State Fermentation for the Production of Organic Acids

1. Introduction

2. Production of Organic Acids by Solid-State Fermentation

2.1 Lactic Acid

2.2 Citric Acid

2.3 Itaconic Acid

2.4 Gluconic Acid

3. Conclusions and Perspectives

References

Further Reading

19 - Solid-State Fermentation and Plant-Beneficial Microorganisms

1. Introduction

2. Phosphate and Phosphate-Solubilizing Microorganisms

3. P-solubilizing Microorganisms and Solid-State Fermentation Processes

4. Biocontrol Agents and Solid-State Fermentation

5. Additional Considerations

6. Conclusions and Perspectives

Acknowledgments

References

Index

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