Front Cover

Urban Water Distribution Networks

Copyright

Contents

List of Figures

List of Tables

About the Authors

Preface

Acknowledgments

Book Organization

List of Acronyms

1 Introduction

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Why the Need for Vulnerability Assessment of Water Distribution Networks?

1.3 Current Operations & Management Practices for Water Distribution Networks

1.3.1 Management Model Proposed by the International Water Association (IWA)

District Metered Area (DMA)

Subdistrict Metered Area (Sub-DMAs)

Data Loggers and Modeling

1.4 Water Losses

1.4.1 Nonrevenue Water

1.5 Management of Real Losses

1.5.1 Leakage Assessment

Top-Down Approach

Bottom-Up Approach

Component Analysis

1.6 Nonseismic and Seismic Vulnerability Assessment of WDNs: State of Knowledge

1.6.1 Nonseismic Vulnerability Assessment

1.6.2 Seismic Vulnerability Assessment

1.7 Concluding Remarks

2 Vulnerability Assessment of Water Distribution Networks Under Normal (Continuous Water Supply, CWS) Operating Conditions and Nonseismic Loads

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Vulnerability-Related Database Management System for Water Distribution Networks

2.2.1 Overview

2.2.2 State of Knowledge

2.2.3 DBMS Architecture

Important Input Data

2.3 Mathematical Modeling

2.3.1 State of Knowledge

Defining the Problem

Relevant Studies in the Literature

Rehabilitation-Oriented Models

Decision Support Models Targeting the Condition Level

WDN Monitoring Models

Models Targeting Specific Parts of WDNs

Models Studying the Behavior of WDN Under Abnormal Conditions

Discussion on Literature Review

2.3.2 Selection of Mathematical Methodology

Statistical Analysis

Survival Analysis

Kaplan-Meier Estimator

Hazard Ratio

2.3.3 Novelty of the Proposed Mathematical Model

Type of Data Used for the Development of the Mathematical Model

Level of Analysis

Intermittent Water Supply (IWS)

2.3.4 Dataset of the WBN

Classes of Pipes and Categories of Analysis

Data Stratification for Analysis at the Street Level and at the Segment Level

Data Clustering

Assumptions in the Analysis

2.4 Results

2.4.1 Statistical Analysis

Dataset

Data Distribution per DMA

Data Distribution per Street

Data Distribution per Segment

Temporal Resolution of the Dataset

2.4.2 Survival Analysis

Survival Analysis Example

Comments on the Results From the Survival Analysis Example

Street Level Analysis

Survival Analysis of the Distribution System Model

Survival Analysis for the Pipeline Network Model

Survival Analysis of the Pipeline Model

Regression Analysis of the Pipeline Model

Segment Level Analysis

Survival Analysis of the Pipeline Network at the Street Level

Survival Analysis of the Pipeline Network at the Segment Level

2.4.3 Sensitivity Analysis

Birth Date Assignment to Elements

Number of Previous Breaks

Water Main Class of the Pipeline Model

Birth Date Shifting

Different Initial NOPB

2.5 Concluding Remarks

3 Vulnerability Assessment of Water Distribution Networks Under Abnormal Operating Conditions and Nonseismic Loads - The Case of Intermittent Water Supply (IWS)

3.1 Intermittent Water Supply Period

3.1.1 Statistical Analysis

3.1.2 Survival Analysis

House Connections

Water Mains

3.2 Further Discussion on Findings

3.2.1 Results

"Incidents No." per Group of Pipes (HC and WM)

The Ratio of "Repair" Over "Replacement" Actions

3.2.2 Database and Mathematical Modeling

Data Quantity

Data Quality

Level of Analysis

Model Classes

3.2.3 Water Board of Limassol

3.3 Regression Trees

3.3.1 Regression Trees - Methodology

3.3.2 Regression Trees - Analysis

WM Class

HC Class

3.3.3 Regression Trees - Discussion

3.4 Concluding Remarks

4 Topological Vulnerability

4.1 Introduction

4.1.1 Case-Study Network

4.2 State of Knowledge

4.2.1 Condition Assessment Models for WDNs

4.2.2 Betweenness Centrality

4.3 Analysis, Results, and Discussion

4.3.1 Pipeline System of DMA 6 and Vulnerability During Continuous Water Supply

4.3.2 Vulnerability Heatmap of Intermittent Water Supply (IWS)

4.3.3 Spatial Distribution of the Failure Incidents

4.4 Concluding Remarks

5 Vulnerability Assessment of Water Distribution Networks Under Seismic Loads

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Network Vulnerability

5.2.1 Component-Based Analysis

Survival Analysis

5.2.2 Network Analysis

Path Enumeration Method

Minimal Cut-Set Method

Monte Carlo Simulation

5.3 Seismic Vulnerability Analysis of Water Distribution Pipes

5.3.1 Pipe Vulnerabilities According to the ALA Guidelines

5.3.2 Extending the ALA Guidelines - A Proposed Strategy for Pipe Vulnerability Assessment

5.4 Reliability Assessment of a Water Supply System

5.4.1 Performance Indices

5.5 Case Studies

5.5.1 Simple Water Distribution Network

5.5.2 Complex Water Distribution Network (1)

5.5.3 Complex Water Distribution Network (2)

5.6 Concluding Remarks

6 Hydraulic Vulnerability Assessment of Water Distribution Networks

6.1 Introduction

6.2 WDN Hydraulics

6.2.1 CFD Formulation of Water Loss Dispersion in Soils

6.2.2 2D CFD Results and Comments

6.3 Hydraulic Vulnerability of Water Distribution Networks

6.3.1 Proposed Methodology

6.3.2 Hydraulic Vulnerability - Nonseismic Conditions

6.3.3 Hydraulic Vulnerability - Seismic Conditions

Hydraulic Vulnerability - Case Study

6.4 Concluding Remarks

7 Real-Time Monitoring

7.1 Introduction

7.2 State of Knowledge on Water Loss Detection

7.3 Time Series Analysis for Anomaly Detection

7.4 Water Loss Detection in Streaming Water Flow Time Series Using Change-Point Anomaly Methods

7.5 Case-Study: Overview

7.6 Case-Study: Preliminary Analysis

7.7 Case Study: RuLSIF-Based Anomaly Detection

7.7.1 Abnormal Drop in Water Consumption

7.7.2 Water Loss Detection

7.8 Concluding Remarks

8 From Historical and Seismic Performance to City-Wide Risk Maps

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Estimation of the Probability of Failure - A Recap

8.2.1 Estimating the Probability of Failure, Pf, of Every Network Component

8.2.2 Estimating the Reliability of the Network - Monte Carlo Analysis

8.3 Case Study - Part 1

8.3.1 Overview

8.3.2 Preliminary Analysis - Topological Reliability

8.4 Seismic Assessment of a WDN - A Recap

8.4.1 Pipe Vulnerabilities According to the ALA Guidelines

8.4.2 Limitation of the ALA Guidelines

8.4.3 Proposed Strategy for Pipe Seismic Vulnerability Assessment

8.5 Case Study - Part 2

8.5.1 Network Reliability Based on Nonseismic Performance Data

8.5.2 Network Reliability Based on Survival Curves, Clustered by "Material Type" (Seismic Effects Not Included)

8.5.3 Network Reliability Based on the ALA Guideline (Seismic Effects Are Included)

8.5.4 Network Reliability Based on Survival Curves, Clustered by "NOPB" (Seismic Effects Not Included)

8.5.5 Spatial Analysis (Heatmap) of Studied Network's Reliability, Based on a Combination of the NOPB-Clustered Survival Curves and the ALA Guideline

8.6 Concluding Remarks

9 Disaster Resilience of Water Distribution Networks

9.1 Resilience

9.1.1 The Concept of Resilience

9.1.2 Properties of Resilience

9.1.3 Resilience-Based Design

9.1.4 Measuring Resilience

9.2 Interconnected Networks

9.2.1 Properties of Interconnected Networks

9.2.2 Modeling Interconnectivity

9.3 Assessment of Seismic Risk and Loss

Epilogue

Bibliography

Index

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