Chapter
1 Nanotechnology and its applications in dentistry—An introduction
1.2 Nanotechnology Approaches
1.3 Nanotechnology to Nanomanufacturing
1.5 Future Directions and Conclusions
2 Nanoparticles for dental materials: Synthesis, analysis, and applications
2.1 Introduction: Why Use Nanoparticles?
2.2 Synthesis of Nanoparticles
2.2.1 Synthesis by Mechanical Attrition
2.2.2 Synthesis Through Sol–Gel Process
2.2.2.1 Functionalization of oxide nanoparticles
2.2.3 Synthesis of Silsesquioxane Nanoparticles
2.2.4 Synthesis of Polymer-Templated Nanoparticles
2.3 Examples of Dental Materials Using Nanoparticles
2.3.1 Nanocomposites Containing Oxide Nanoparticles
2.3.1.1 Nanofill composites
2.3.1.2 Nanohybrid composites
2.3.2 Silsequioxane-Based Composites
2.3.3 Calcium Phosphate and Calcium Fluoride Nanoparticles-Based Composites
2.3.4 Nanoparticles in Glass Ionomer Systems
2.3.5 Nanotechnology in Dental Adhesives
2.4 Selected Properties of Dental Materials Containing Nanoparticles
2.4.3 From B.D. Craig, S.B. Mitra, G.A. Kobussen, M.C. Doruff, H.L. Lechuga, M.R. Atkinson, Polish Retention Comparison of ...
2.5 Clinical Experience With Dental Materials Containing Nanoparticles
3 Antimicrobial nanoparticles in restorative composites
3.2 Antibacterial Restorative Composites
3.2.1 Filler Phase Modification
3.2.1.1 Released antibacterial agents
3.2.1.2 Nonreleased antibacterial agents
3.2.2 Matrix Phase Modification
3.2.2.1 Released antibacterial agents
3.2.2.2 Nonreleased antibacterial agents
3.3 Antimicrobial Macromolecules
3.3.1 Polycationic Disinfectants
3.4.1 Polyethylenimine Nanoparticles
3.4.1.3 Incorporation of polyethyleneimine nanoparticles
4 Nanotechnology in operative dentistry: A perspective approach of history, mechanical behavior, and clinical application
4.2 Historical Review: Nanotechnology Applications in Operative Dentistry
4.4 Nanotechnology in CAD/CAM
4.5 Fillers in Composite Resins
4.6 SEM and EDS Evaluations
4.7 Filler Weight Content (wt%)
4.9.1 Compressive Strength
4.9.2 Diametral Tensile Strength
4.9.3 Flexural Strength and Flexural Modulus
4.10 Clinical Application
5 Impact of nanotechnology on dental implants
5.2 Nanoscale Surface Modifications
5.3 Interactions of Surface Dental Implants With Blood
5.4 Interactions Between Surfaces and MSCs
5.4.2 Migration, Adhesion, and Proliferation
6 Titanium surface modification techniques for dental implants—From microscale to nanoscale
6.2 Titanium Surface Modification Methods
6.2.1 Mechanical Modification of Titanium Surface
6.2.2 Physicochemical Modification of Titanium Surface
6.2.3 Biochemical Modification of Titanium Surface
6.2.3.1 Osteoinductive biomolecular cues
6.2.3.2 Microscale and nanoscale coating of hydroxyapatite/calcium phosphate/alumina
6.2.3.3 Organic nanoscale self-assembled monolayers (SAMs)
6.2.3.4 Hydrogels on titanium surface
6.2.3.5 Antibacterial titanium surfaces
6.2.4 Physical Modification of Titanium Surface
6.3.1 Discrete Crystalline Deposition (DCD)
6.3.3 Titanium Oxide Blasted and Acid-Etched Implants
6.3.4 Photofunctionalization
6.4 Limitations & Conclusion
7 Titanium nanotubes as carriers of osteogenic growth factors and antibacterial drugs for applications in dental implantology
7.3 TiO2 Nanotubes for Implant Fabrication
7.4 Functionalization of TiO2 Nanotubes with Growth Factors and Antibacterial/Antiinflammatory Drugs
8 Cellular responses to nanoscale surface modifications of titanium implants for dentistry and bone tissue engineering appl...
8.2 Nanotopography Generated from Surface Modification of Ti Implants
8.2.1 Surface Modification of Ti Implants With Inorganic Materials/Nanoparticles
8.2.2 Surface Modifications of Ti Implants With Polymers
8.3 Nanotopography and Protein Absorption
8.4 Nanotopography Alters Osteoblast Responses
8.4.4 Bioactive Molecules
8.5 Nanotopography and Stem Cell Responses
8.5.1 Effects of Nanotopography on Endothelial Progenitor Cells
8.5.2 Effects of Nanotopography on Bone Marrow Stem Cells
9 Corrosion resistance of Ti–6Al–4V with nanostructured TiO2 coatings
9.1.1 SiO2–CaO Coatings on Ti–6Al–4V Alloys
9.1.2 SiO2 and SiO2–TiO2 Intermediate Coatings on Titanium and Ti–6Al–4V Alloy
9.1.3 Coated Hydroxyapatite on Ti–6Al–4V by Electrophoretic Deposition
9.1.4 Double-Layer Glass–Ceramic Coatings on Ti–6Al–4V
9.2 Nanostructured TiO2 Deposited on Ti–6Al–4V
9.2.1 Preparation of the Ti–6Al–4V Electrode
9.2.2 TiO2 Nanoparticles Coating
9.3 Characterization Techniques
9.3.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy
9.4 Corrosion Test With Electrochemical Techniques
9.4.1 Open-Circuit Voltage (OCV) and Tafel Analysis
9.4.2 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy
10 Multiwalled Carbon nanotubes/hydroxyapatite nanoparticles incorporated GTR membranes
10.2 Periodontal Defects and GTR
10.2.1 Studies Using Nonresorbable Membranes
10.2.2 Studies Using Bioresorbable Membranes
10.2.3 Layer-Designed Membranes for GTR
10.2.4 Cell-Sheet-Based Technology for GTR
10.3 Use of Electrospinning for Preparation of Nanocomposites
10.3.2 Carbon Nanotubes Incorporated Into Nanofibers
10.3.3 Organic–Inorganic Composite Nanofibers
10.4 GTR Membranes Based on Electrospun CNT/HA Nanoparticles Incorporated Composite Nanofibers
10.4.1 Fabrication of MWCNTs/HA Hybrids
10.4.2 Electrospun Nanofibers With Different Fiber Arrangements
10.4.3 Fabrication of PLLA/MWCNTs/HA Composite Nanofibers
10.4.4 Characterization of PLLA/MWCNTs/HA Composite Nanofibers
10.4.5 Cell Culture on PLLA/MWCNTs/HA Composite Nanofibers Membranes
10.4.6 In Vivo Implantation of PLLA/MWCNTs/HA Membranes
11 Nanoapatitic composite scaffolds for stem cell delivery and bone tissue engineering
11.2 Development of Nanoapatitic and Macroporous Scaffolds
11.3 Cell Infiltration into Scaffold
11.4 Biomimetic Nanoapatite–Collagen Fiber Scaffold
11.5 Fast Fracture of Nanoapatite Scaffold
11.6 Fatigue of Nanoapatite Scaffold
11.7 Nanoapatite Scaffold–Human Umbilical Cord Stem Cell Interactions
11.8 Seeding Bone Marrow Stem Cells on Nanoapatite Scaffolds
12 Self-assembly of proteins and peptides and their applications in bionanotechnology and dentistry
12.2 Mechanism of Molecular Self-Assembly
12.3 Classification of Self-Assembly
12.4 Self-Assembly of Proteins and Peptides
12.5 Bionanotechnology Applications
12.6 Peptide Nanofibers, Nanotubes, and Nanowires
12.7 Three-Dimensional Peptide Matrix Scaffolds
12.8 Advantages and Limitations of Self-Assembling Peptide Matrix Scaffolds
12.9 Self-Assembly in Regenerative Biology and Dentistry
13 Surface engineering of dental tools with diamond for enhanced life and performance
13.3 Chemical Vapor Deposition of Diamond Films Onto Dental Burs
13.3.1 Plasma-Enhanced CVD
13.3.1.1 Microwave plasma-enhanced CVD
13.3.1.2 RF plasma-enhanced CVD
13.3.1.3 DC plasma-enhanced CVD
13.3.2.1 Growth mechanisms
13.3.2.2 Filament characteristics
13.3.2.3 Diamond nucleation process
13.3.3 Controlling Structure and Morphology
13.3.3.1 Effects of temperature
13.3.3.2 Effect of negative BEN on the dental bur
13.3.3.3 Effects of substrate preparation on diamond deposition
13.4 Bur Performance Investigations
13.4.2 CVD Diamond Deposition on the Dental Burs
13.4.3 Dental Bur Machining: Drilling Experiments
13.4.4 Dental Bur Machining: Machining Experiments on Human Teeth
13.4.5 Performance Testing
13.4.6 Drilling Experiments
13.4.7 Performance Results
14 Nanomechanical characterization of mineralized tissues in the oral cavity
14.2 Basic Data Analysis Protocol for Nanoindentation
14.3 Nanoindentation of Oral Mineralized Tissues
14.3.1 Sample Preparation
14.3.4 Load Function and Data Analysis
14.3.5 Microstructural Influence
15 Nanoindentation techniques for the determination of mechanical properties of materials in dentistry
15.2 Basic Information From the Load–Displacement Curves
15.2.1 Hardness and Elastic Modulus
15.2.2 Harmonic Contact Stiffness
15.2.3 Work of Indentation and Other Information From P–h Curves
15.2.4 Indenter Calibration
15.3 Characterization of Inelastic Properties
15.3.1 Stress–Strain Diagram
15.4 Determination of Properties in Nonhomogeneous Bodies
15.4.1 Surface Layers and Coatings
15.4.2 Multiphase Microstructure
15.5 Characterization of Time-Dependent Load Response
15.6 Resistance Against Crack Propagation
15.7 Scratch Tests for the Evaluation of Friction and Wear Resistance
15.8 Devices for Nanoindentation
16 Nanocharacterization techniques for dental implant development
16.1 Measurement of the Topology of Nanostructures
16.1.1 Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope
16.1.1.1 FESEM case studies
16.1.2 Scanning Probe Microscopy
16.1.2.1 Scanning tunneling microscope
16.1.2.2 Atomic force microscope
16.1.2.2.1 AFM case studies
16.1.3 Confocal Microscopy and Interferometry
16.1.3.1 Confocal microscopy
16.1.3.1.1 Confocal microscopy case studies
16.1.3.2.1 Interferometry case studies
16.2 Measurement of Nanostructure Internal Geometries
16.2.1 Transmission Electron Microscope
16.2.1.1 TEM case studies
16.2.2.1 FIB case studies
16.2.3.1 XRD case studies
16.2.4 Mercury Porosimetry
16.2.4.1 Mercury porosimetry case studies
16.3 Measurement of Composition of Nanostructures
16.3.1 Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy
16.3.2 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy
16.3.3 Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy
16.3.3.1 SIMS case studies
16.3.4 Auger Electron Spectroscopy
16.3.4.1 AES case studies
16.4 Measurement of the Mechanical Properties of Nanostructures
16.4.1 Nanoscratch Testing
17 Nanoparticulate drug-delivery systems for oral cancer treatment
17.2 Cancer-Treatment Techniques
17.3 Mechanism of Action of Chemotherapeutic Agents
17.3.1 Prevention of Synthesis of Pre-DNA Molecule Building Blocks
17.3.2 Chemical Damage of DNA in the Cell Nuclei
17.5 TNM Classification of Tumors
17.6 Management of Oral Cancer
17.7 Nanoparticulate-Based Drug Delivery in Cancer Treatment
17.7.1 Gold Nanoparticles for Anticarcinogenic Drug Delivery
17.7.2 Liposomes in Oral Cancer Treatment
17.7.3 Magnetic Nanoparticles in Oral Cancer Treatment
17.7.4 Polymeric micelles as Drug-Delivery Systems
17.8 Limitations of Nanoparticles and Conclusion
18 Carbon nanotubes: Applications in cancer therapy and drug delivery research
18.2 Cellular Uptake of CNTs
18.3 CNTs as Carriers for Small and Large Drug Molecules
18.3.1 CNTs as Carriers of Small Anticancer Molecules
18.3.2 CNTs as Carriers of Immunoactive Molecules, Proteins, and Genetic Materials
18.3.3 CNTs as Carriers for Antimicrobial Molecules
18.3.4 Photothermal Therapy of Cancer Using CNTs
18.4 Carbon Nanotubes for Oral Cancer Therapy
19 Nanodiagnostics in microbiology and dentistry
19.2.1 Applications of Nanomaterials
19.2.1.1 Sunscreens and cosmetics
19.2.1.4 Coatings and surfaces
19.2.1.5 Tougher and harder cutting tools
19.3 Biomedical Applications of Nanotechnology and Its Limitations
19.4 Nanotechnology Applications in Drug-Delivery Systems, Nanodiagnostics, and Various Other Fields
19.4.1 Drug-Delivery System
19.4.1.1 Nanobots and its uses
19.4.1.2 Use of nanorattles
19.4.2 Nanodiagnostics and Disease Prevention
19.4.2.2 Diagnosis using nanobots
19.4.2.4 Regenerative medicine
19.4.3 Disease Prevention
19.4.3.1 Cardiovascular interventions
19.4.3.2 Nanoparticles and the blood–brain barrier: As treatment opportunity
19.4.3.3 Tissue reconstruction
19.4.4 Other Applications
19.4.4.1 Treatment of injured nerves
19.4.4.6 Needle-free, painless vaccinations with nanopatches
19.4.4.7 Nanomagnets remove pathogens from blood
19.4.4.8 Nanocrystalline silver
19.5 Contribution of Microbiology to Nanotechnology
19.6 AFM Imaging of Microorganisms
19.6.3 AFM Study of the Structure–Function Relationship of the Biofilm-Forming Bacterium Streptococcus mutans
19.7 Nanoplasmonic Sensors Detecting Live Viruses
19.8.1 The Impact of Nanotechnology
19.8.1.1 Dynamic view of dental tissues
19.8.1.2 What are we really bonding to?
19.8.1.3 “Small is beautiful” of dental science: Small structures, great strength
19.8.1.4 Biofilm formation and treatment
19.8.2 Nanotechnology in Periodontics
19.8.2.1 Local anesthesia and hypersensitivity cure
19.8.2.2 Natural tooth maintenance and repair
19.8.2.3 Nanorobotic dentifrice (dentifrobots)
20 Neurotoxicity of nanomaterials
20.2 Possible Dental Nanomaterials
20.2.1 Composite Resins and Bonding Systems
20.2.2 Root-Filling Materials
20.2.3 Bioceramics and Associated Dental Prosthesis
20.2.4 Surface Modifications for Dental Implants
20.2.5 Target-Delivery and Imaging in Tumor Chemotherapy
20.3 Neurotoxicity of Dental Nanomaterials
20.3.1 Possible Pathways into the CNS
20.3.2 In Vivo Toxicity Studies
20.3.3 In Vitro Toxicity Studies
20.3.4 Major Toxicity Mechanisms
20.4 Future Research Prospects
Emerging Nanotechnologies in Dentistry
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