Chapter
1.4. Thermoset Formulations and Compounds
1.4.2. Adaptation to Regulations and Bio-Based Thermosets
1.5. Processing of Thermosets
1.6. New Thermosets Containing Exchangeable Covalent Bonds: Vitrimers
1.7. Advanced Materials Based on Thermosets
1.7.1. Self-Healing Thermosets
1.7.2. Shape Memory Thermosets
1.8. Summary and Conclusions
Sources of Further Information and Advice
Chapter 2: Mechanical properties of thermosets
2.2. Overview of Thermoset Classes
2.2.3. Amine—Formaldehyde
2.2.8. Dicyclopentadiene and Other Metathesis Thermosets
2.4. Mechanical Properties
2.4.1.1. Elastic deformation
2.4.1.2. Plastic deformation
2.4.2.2. Fracture mechanics: linear elastic fracture mechanics
2.4.2.3. Fracture mechanics: Elastic-plastic fracture mechanics
2.4.2.4. Fracture mechanics: Essential work of fracture
2.4.3. Toughening of Thermosets
2.4.3.1. Toughening techniques
2.4.3.2. Toughening mechanisms
2.4.4. Reinforcement of Thermosets
2.4.4.1. Reinforcing techniques
2.4.4.2. Fracture behavior of nanocomposites
Chapter 3: Thermal properties of thermoset polymers
3.2.1. Curing Behavior and Thermal Stability of Epoxies
3.2.2. Flame Retardant Properties of Epoxies
3.2.3. Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (CTE) of Epoxies
3.2.4. Thermal Conductivity of Epoxies
3.3. Unsaturated Polyester (UP) Resin
3.3.1. Curing Behavior and Thermal Stability of UP Resin
3.3.2. Flame Retardant Properties of UP Resin
3.3.3. Thermal Conductivity of UP Resin
3.4. Cyanate Ester (CE) Resin
3.4.1. Curing Behavior and Thermal Stability of CE Resin
3.4.2. Flame Retardant Properties of CE Resin
3.4.3. Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of CE Resin
3.4.4. Thermal Conductivity of CE Resin
3.5.1. Curing Behavior and Thermal Stability of Polybenzoxazine
3.5.2. Flame Retardant Properties of Polybenzoxazine
3.5.3. Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Polybenzoxazine
3.6.1. Thermal Stability and Tg of Polyimides
3.6.2. Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Polyimides
3.6.3. Thermal Conductivity of Polyimides
3.7. Vinyl Ester Resin (VER)
3.7.1. Curing Behavior and Tg of VER
3.7.2. Thermal Properties and Flame Retardancy of VER
3.8. Phenol-Formaldehyde (PF) Resin
3.8.1. Thermal Properties of PF Resin
Chapter 4: Rheology and curing process of thermosets
4.2. Rheology of Nonreacting Systems
4.2.1. Rheology of Thermosets: The Important Variables
4.2.2. Recent Rheological Studies on Nonreacting Thermosetting Polymers
4.3. Rheology of Reacting Systems: Chemorheology
4.3.1. Chemorheological Models
4.3.1.1. Arrhenius models
4.3.1.2. Castro-Macosko model
4.3.1.3. Williams-Landel-Ferry model
4.3.2. Chemorheological Analysis: Nonisothermal Tests
4.3.3. Chemorheological Analysis: Isothermal Tests
4.4. Other Applications of Rheology (α, Tg, CTE, Curing Shrinkage)
4.4.1. Determination of the Degree-of-Cure (α)
4.4.2. Determination of the Glass Transition (Tg)
4.4.3. CTE and Curing Shrinkage
4.5. Applications of Chemorheology of Thermosetting Polymers
4.6. Conclusions and Final Remarks
Chapter 5: Phase separation and morphology development in thermoplastic-modified thermosets
5.1.1. Polymerization Induced Phase Separation
5.1.2. Phase Separation, UCST and LCST Phase Diagrams
5.1.3. Phase Separation Mechanisms and Their Influence on Morphology of Thermoplastic-Modified Thermosets
5.2. Miscibility Between Thermoplastics and Thermoset Precursors Before Curing
5.2.2. Homopolymer Thermoplastics
5.3. Phase Separation of Thermoplastic-Modified Thermosets Monitored During Curing Reaction
5.4. Future Trends and Development in Thermoplastic-Modified Thermosets
Chapter 6: Nanostructures and the toughening of thermosets
6.2. Nanostructure Formation During Polymerization
6.3. Nanostructure Formation by Self-assembly Before Phase Separation
6.4. Nanostructure Formation by Reaction-Induced Micro-Phase Separation (RIMPS)
6.5. Nanostructure Formation by Addition of Nanoparticles
6.6. Nanostructure Formation by Addition of Reactive Polymers
6.7. Mechanism of Toughening Thermosets by Nanostructuring
Chapter 7: Structure-property relationships of thermoset nanocomposites
7.1.1. Nanophase Dispersion in Polymeric Nanocomposites
7.1.2. Fundamental Principles of Thermoset Nanocomposite Formation
7.1.3. The Role of Curing Agent and Organic Modifier
7.1.4. Technology of Thermosetting Nanocomposites
7.2. Rheological Approach to Nanocomposite Design
7.2.1. Rheology of Polymer Nanocomposites
7.2.2. Effects of Polymer/Nanofiller Structure and Rheological Methods for Nanocomposite Design
7.3. Structure and Morphology of Epoxy Nanocomposites Containing Clay and Carbon Based Nanofillers
7.3.1. Epoxy Nanocomposites With Clay Nanofillers
7.3.2. Epoxy Nanocomposites With Carbon Based Nanofillers
7.3.3. Hybrid Epoxy Systems
7.4. Performance and Design of Thermoset Nanocomposites
7.4.1. Viscoelastic/Mechanical Properties
7.4.2. Thermal Properties
7.4.3. Barrier and Electrical Properties
7.4.4. Synergy of Properties
7.4.5. Design of Thermoset Nanocomposites
Part 2: Applications of thermosets
Chapter 8: The use of thermosets in the building and construction industry
8.5. Flooring and Cementing
8.6. Structural Applications
8.6.1. Fiber-Reinforced Plastics (FRPs)
8.6.1.1. Bridges and other composite applications
8.6.2. Repair and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure
8.6.3. Durability of FRPs
8.7. Polymer Flammability
8.8. Future Trends and Development Priorities
8.9. Sources of Further Information and Advice
8.9.1. Books and Monographs
8.9.2. Proceedings of Conferences Held on a Regular Basis
Chapter 9: The use of thermosets in modern aerospace applications
9.2. Key Requirements of Materials Used in the Aerospace Industry
9.3.1. Epoxy Resins and Curing Agents
9.3.2. Thermosetting Polyimides
9.4. Applications/Examples of Thermosets for the Aerospace Industry
9.4.1. The Use of Thermosets in Civil Aircraft
9.4.2. The Use of Thermosets in Military Aircraft
9.4.3. The Use of Thermosets in UAVs (Drones)
9.4.4. The Use of Thermosets in Recreational and Competition Aircraft
9.4.5. The Use of Thermosets in Space Vehicles and Satellites
9.6. Future Trends and Development Priorities
9.7. Summary and Conclusions
9.8. Sources of Further Information
Chapter 10: Thermoset adhesives
10.2. Epoxy-Based Thermosets
10.3. Polyurethane Adhesives
10.4. Structural Acrylic Adhesives
10.5. Automotive and Transportation Applications of Thermoset Adhesives
10.6. Other Applications of Thermoset Adhesives
10.6.1. Wind Energy Applications
10.6.2. Aviation Applications
10.6.3. Electronics Applications
10.6.3.1. Electrically and thermally conductive adhesives
10.6.3.2. Coating and protection products
10.6.3.3. Adhesives and sealants for flat-panel display manufacture
Chapter 11: Thermoset coatings
11.2. Epoxies and Polyurethanes
11.3.1. Liquid Epoxy Resins
11.3.2.1. Aliphatic polyamines
11.3.2.2. Cycloaliphatic polyamines
11.3.2.7. Aromatic amines
11.3.3. Liquid Epoxy Coatings
11.3.3.1. Waterborne epoxy coatings
11.3.3.2. Dispersion of semisolid or solid epoxy resins in water
11.3.3.3. Solvent-borne and high solids epoxy coatings
11.3.4. Solid Epoxy Resins
11.3.6. Functional Epoxy Powder Coatings
11.3.7. Epoxy Hybrid Powder Coatings
11.4. Polyurethane and Polyurea Coatings
11.4.1.1. Polyether polyols
11.4.1.2. Polycarbonate polyols
11.4.1.3. Polyester polyols
11.4.1.4. Acrylic polyols
11.4.3.1. Aromatic isocyanates
11.4.3.2. Aliphatic isocyanates
11.4.4. Polyurethane Coatings Classification
11.5. Additives for Thermoset Coatings
11.6. Direct to Metal Single Layer Coatings
11.7. Multilayer Coating Systems
11.8. Applications of Thermoset Coatings
11.8.1. Hand-Applied Coatings
Chapter 12: Thermoset insulation systems
12.1. The Importance of Energy Conservation
12.2. Thermal Insulation Properties of Thermoset Foams
12.3. Thermoset Polymers Used in Thermal Insulation
12.4. Key Requirements of Thermoset Insulation Materials and Products
12.4.1. Thermal Insulation
12.4.2. Mechanical and Structural Properties
12.4.5. Manufacturability
12.5. Applications of Thermoset Insulation Materials
12.5.1. Domestic and Commercial Appliances
12.5.2. Refrigerated Transportation
12.5.3. Construction Insulated Boards
12.5.4. Self-Supporting Construction Insulated Panels
12.5.6. Pipe and Tanks Insulation
12.5.7. Spray Foam Insulation
12.5.8. One Component Foams
12.6. Fabrication Processes
12.6.1. Fridge/Freezers Insulations
12.6.2. Discontinuous Panels
12.6.3.1. Preinsulated pipes
12.6.4. Insulation Boards
12.6.5. Self-Supporting Metal-Faced Panels
12.6.6. Block Foam Production
12.6.8. Enviromental, Health and Safety (EH+S)
12.7. Future Trends and Development Priorities
Chapter 13: Thermosets for electric applications
13.1.1. Basic Requirements of Materials for Electrical/Electronic Applications
13.2. Properties of Thermosets
13.2.1. Dimensional Stability and Mechanical Properties
13.2.2. Thermal Properties
13.3. Oxidation, Moisture and Chemical Resistance
13.3.1. Conductive Anodic Filamentation Resistance, Flame Resistance and Out-Gassing/VOC
13.4. Thermosets for Electrical Applications
13.5. Conclusions and Future Trends
Chapter 14: Thermosets for pipeline corrosion protection
14.2. History of Pipeline Coatings
14.4.1. Single Layer FBE Systems
14.4.2. Dual Layer FBE Systems
14.4.3. Three Layer Polyolefin Coating Systems
14.5.2. Two-Part Liquid Epoxy Linings
14.6. Other Uses—Joint, Custom and Rehabilitation Coatings
14.7. Typical Application Process
14.7.1. FBE Coating Application
14.7.2. Liquid Epoxy Coating Application
14.8. Specification, Testing and Standards
14.8.1. Coating Process Quality Tests
14.8.2. Quality Control Laboratory Tests
14.8.2.1. Differential scanning calorimeter
14.8.2.5. Backside contamination
14.8.2.6. Cathodic disbondment
14.8.2.7. Hot water soak adhesion
14.9. Recent Advancements and Future Trends
Chapter 15: Thermoset Nanocomposites as ablative materials for rocket and military applications
15.2. The Hyperthermal Environment of Ablative Materials for Military Purposes
15.3. State of the Art of Polymeric Ablative Materials
15.3.1. Fiber Reinforced Ablatives Based on Thermoset Matrices
15.3.2. Testing Techniques for Ablative Materials
15.4. Nanostructured Polymeric Ablative Materials
15.4.1. Flammability Properties of Nanostructured Polymeric Materials
15.4.2. Nanocomposites for Rocket Ablative Materials
15.5. Nanostructured Carbon/Carbon Composites
15.5.1. Nanocomposites Production
15.5.3. Thermo-Oxidative Studies of the N-CCC
Chapter 16: Click-based dual-curing thermosets and their applications
16.2. Click Reactions in Dual-Curing Systems
16.2.1. Combination of Two Different Click Reactions
16.2.2. Unique Click Mechanism With Different Monomers
16.2.3. Combination of a Click Reaction Followed by Homopolymerization
16.2.3.1. Michael addition and acrylate homopolymerization
16.2.3.2. Thiol-click reactions with epoxy homopolymerization
16.2.3.3. Other reactions
16.2.4. Preparation of Hybrid Organic-Inorganic Networks
16.3.2. Energy Absorbing Applications
16.3.3. Optical Properties
16.3.5. Lithographic Impression Materials
16.3.7. Creating Surface Topology
16.4. Conclusions and Perspectives
Chapter 17: Benzoxazine resins as smart materials and future perspectives
17.2. Benzoxazine Monomers, Their Combination With Polymers and Composites
17.3. Polybenzoxazines as Smart Materials
17.4. Industrially Important Benzoxazines
Chapter 18: Polyphthalonitrile resins and their high-end applications
18.2. Phthalonitrile Monomers, Oligomers and Pre-Polymers
18.2.1. Salient Features of Phthalonitrile Polymers
18.3. Base-line Comparison With Other High Performance Matrices and Composites
18.4. Cross-linking of Phthalonitrile Groups
18.4.1. Cure Accelerators
18.4.1.1. Metals and metal salts
18.4.2. Microwave Assisted Curing of Phthalonitriles
18.5. Structurally Modified Phthalonitriles
18.5.1. Fluorine Containing Phthalonitriles
18.5.2. Phthalonitriles With Imide Functionalities
18.5.3. Benzoxazine Modified Phthalonitriles
18.5.4. Phthalonitriles With Miscellaneous Backbones
18.6. Self-Catalyzed Curing Systems
18.6.1. Phenolic Hydroxyl-Mediated Self-Curing Phthalonitriles
18.6.2. Amine-Functionalized Phthalonitriles
18.6.3. Propargyl and Cyanate Ester Containing Phthalonitriles
18.7. Phthalonitrile Blends
18.7.1. Blends With Epoxy Compounds
18.7.2. Blends With Phenols, Bi/Poly Ether Nitrile and Other Systems
18.8. Phthalonitrile Resin-Based Composites
18.9. Nano Material-Modified Phthalonitriles
18.10. High-End Applications of Phthalonitrile Polymers and Their Composites
Chapter 19: Bio-based epoxies and composites as environmentally friendly alternative materials
19.2.1. Epoxy Resins and Curing Agents Derived From Rosin Acid
19.2.2. Epoxy Resins Based on Itaconic Acid
19.3.1. Process Study and Manufacturability Improvements
19.3.2. Quasi-Structural and Function-Integrated Decorative Composite Development
19.4. Applications in Aircraft, Rail Transportation and Construction Sectors
19.5. Conclusions and Future Perspectives
Chapter 20: Recycling of thermosets and their composites
20.2. Recyclability of Thermosets and Their Composites
20.2.1. Waste Management Hierarchy
20.2.2. Economical Drivers: Thermosets and Their Composites Markets
20.2.3. Technical Drivers
20.2.4. Legislation Drivers
20.3. Waste Management and Recycling Technologies for Thermosets and Their Composites
20.3.1. Mechanical: Pulverization
20.3.5. Chemical Decomposition of Thermosets
20.3.6. Supercritical Fluids: Hydrothermal and Solvothermal Decomposition of Thermosets
20.4. Advances in Sustainable Design of Thermosets and Their Composites
20.4.1. Eco-Friendly Bio-Based Degradable Thermosets and Efficient Design
Thermosets
：Structure, Properties, and Applications
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