Boorman's Pathology of the Rat ：Reference and Atlas ( 2 )

Publication subTitle ：Reference and Atlas

Publication series ：2

Author： Suttie   Andrew W.;Leininger   Joel R.;Bradley   Alys E.  

Publisher： Elsevier Science‎

Publication year： 2017

E-ISBN: 9780123914897

P-ISBN(Paperback): 9780123914484

Subject： S852.3 Livestock and veterinary pathology (histopathology)

Keyword： 动物学,动物医学（兽医学）

Language： ENG

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Disclaimer: Any content in publications that violate the sovereignty, the constitution or regulations of the PRC is not accepted or approved by CNPIEC.

Description

Boorman’s Pathology of the Rat: Reference and Atlas, Second Edition, continues its history as the most comprehensive pathology reference on rat strains for researchers across science and medicine using rat models in the laboratory. It offers readers an added emphasis on the Sprague-Dawley and Wistar rat strains that is consistent with current research across academia, government, and industry.

In addition, the book provides standard diagnostic criteria, basic content on histology, histological changes that result from drug toxicity and neoplasm, pathology terminology, and four-color photographs from the NTP archive and database. With updated references and photographs, as well as coverage of all rat strains, this book is not only the standard in the field, but also an invaluable resource for toxicologists, biologists, and other scientists engaged in regulatory toxicology who must make the transition from pathology results to the promulgation of meaningful regulations.

  • Contains full, four color photographs from the NTP archive and database and coverage of all rat strains
  • Provides an organ-by-organ and system-by-system approach that presents standard diagnostic criteria and basic content on histology and histological changes
  • Includes comprehensive and detailed background incidence data
  • Presents detailed descriptive content regarding changes in rat models during research

Chapter

Front Cover

Boorman’s Pathology of the Rat

Copyright Page

Contents

List of Contributors

Preface

Acknowledgements to Contributors of the First Edition

1 Introduction

2 Introduction to First Edition

Bibliography

3 The History of the Rat

1 Introduction

2 Origin

2.1 Wistar Strains

2.2 F344 Strain

2.3 Sprague–Dawley Strain

3 Use of the Rat Strains in Chronic Carcinogenicity Studies

3.1 Wistar Strains

3.2 F344 Strain

3.3 Sprague–Dawley Strain

4 Comparison of the Rat Strains for Early Onset of Neoplasms

Synonyms

Bibliography

I. Digestive System

4 Oral Cavity, Teeth and Gingiva

1 Normal Oral Cavity

1.1 Anatomy

1.2 Histology

1.3 Physiology

2 Congenital Anomalies

3 Degenerative Lesions

3.1 Oral Cavity

4 Inflammatory and Vascular Lesions

4.1 Oral Cavity

5 Hyperplastic and Neoplastic Lesions

5.1 Oral Cavity

5.1.1 Squamous Cell Hyperplasia

5.1.2 Squamous Cell Papilloma

5.1.3 Squamous Cell Carcinoma

5.1.4 Odontoma

5.1.5 Miscellaneous Neoplasms

6 Toxicologic Lesions

6.1 Oral Cavity

Bibliography

5 Salivary Glands

1 Introduction

2 Normal Salivary Glands

2.1 Embryology and Perinatal Development

2.2 Anatomy and Histology

2.2.1 Submandibular Salivary Gland (Submaxillary or Mandibular)

2.2.2 Sublingual Salivary Gland (Major)

2.2.3 Parotid Salivary Gland

2.2.4 Minor Salivary Glands

2.3 Physiology

3 Congenital Lesions

4 Degenerative Lesions

5 Inflammatory and Vascular Lesions

6 Hyperplastic and Neoplastic Lesions

6.1 Basophilic Hypertrophic Foci

6.2 Adenoma

6.3 Adenocarcinoma

6.4 Squamous Cell Carcinoma

6.5 Mesenchymal Neoplasms

7 Toxicologic Lesions

Further Reading

6 Esophagus and Stomach

1 Introduction

2 Normal Upper Digestive Tract

2.1 Embryology

2.2 Anatomy

2.2.1 Esophagus

2.2.2 Stomach

2.3 Histology

2.3.1 Esophagus

2.3.2 Stomach

2.4 Physiology

3 Congenital Anomalies

4 Degenerative Lesions

4.1 Esophagus

4.2 Stomach

5 Inflammatory and Vascular Lesions

5.1 Esophagus

5.1.1 Gavage Accidents

5.1.2 Esophagectasis

5.2 Stomach

6 Hyperplastic and Neoplastic Lesions

6.1 Esophagus

6.2 Stomach

6.2.1 Nonglandular Stomach

6.2.1.1 Squamous Cell Hyperplasia

6.2.1.2 Squamous Cell Papilloma

6.2.1.3 Squamous Cell Carcinoma

6.2.2 Glandular Stomach

6.2.2.1 Hyperplasia

6.2.2.2 Adenoma (Adenomatous Polyp)

6.2.2.3 Adenocarcinoma

6.2.2.4 Carcinoid

6.2.2.5 Miscellaneous Neoplasms

7 Miscellaneous Lesions

8 Toxicologic Lesions

8.1 Esophagus

8.2 Stomach

8.2.1 Nonglandular Stomach

8.2.2 Glandular Stomach

Bibliography

7 Small and Large Intestine

1 Introduction

2 Normal Intestine

2.1 Embryology

2.2 Anatomy and Histology

2.3 Physiology

3 Congenital Anomalies

4 Degenerative Lesions

5 Inflammatory and Vascular Lesions

6 Hyperplastic and Neoplastic Lesions

6.1 Hyperplasia

6.2 Neoplastic Lesions

6.2.1 Epithelial Neoplasms

6.2.2 Mesenchymal Neoplasms

7 Miscellaneous Lesions

8 Toxicologic Lesions

Bibliography

8 Peritoneum, Retroperitoneum, Mesentery, and Abdominal Cavity

1 Introduction

2 Normal Peritoneum

2.1 Embryology

2.2 Anatomy and Histology

3 Congenital Anomalies

4 Degenerative Lesions

5 Inflammatory and Vascular Lesions

6 Hyperplastic and Neoplastic Lesions

7 Miscellaneous Lesions

8 Toxicologic Lesions

Bibliography

II. Liver and Exocrine Pancreas

9 Liver

1 Introduction

2 Normal Liver

2.1 Embryology

2.2 Anatomy

2.3 Histology

2.4 Physiology

3 Congenital Lesions

4 Degenerative Lesions

4.1 Lipidosis/Steatosis/Fatty Accumulation

4.2 Necrosis and Apoptosis

4.3 Cystic Degeneration/Spongiosis Hepatis

4.4 Peribiliary Fibrosis

4.5 Hepatic Cysts (Biliary)

5 Inflammatory and Vascular Lesions

5.1 Inflammatory Lesions

5.2 Angiectasis (Telangiectasis, Peliosis Hepatis)

6 Hyperplastic and Neoplastic Lesions

6.1 Hepatocellular Lesions

6.1.1 Foci of Cellular Alteration

6.1.2 Focal Hepatocellular Hyperplasia

6.1.3 Hepatocellular Adenoma

6.1.4 Hepatocellular Carcinoma

6.2 Biliary Lesions

6.2.1 Bile Duct Hyperplasia

6.2.2 Cholangiofibrosis

6.2.3 Oval Cell Hyperplasia

6.2.4 Cholangioma

6.2.5 Cholangiocarcinoma

6.3 Miscellaneous Lesions

6.3.1 Hepatocholangiocarcinoma

6.3.2 Anaplastic Carcinoma

6.3.3 Vascular Neoplasms

6.3.4 Histiocytic Sarcoma

6.3.5 Lipoma or Liposarcoma

6.3.6 Metastatic Neoplasms

7 Miscellaneous Lesions

7.1 Polyploidy

7.2 Inclusions

7.3 Extramedullary Hematopoiesis

Acknowledgments

Bibliography

10 Exocrine Pancreas

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Normal Exocrine Pancreas

10.2.1 Embryology

10.2.2 Anatomy

10.2.3 Histology

10.2.4 Physiology

10.3 Congenital Lesions

10.4 Degenerative Lesions

10.4.1 Hydropic Degeneration, Fatty Degeneration, and Autophagocytosis (Apoptosis)

10.4.2 Necrosis

10.4.3 Atrophy

10.4.4 Lipomatosis

10.4.5 Peri-Islet Fibrosis and Hemosiderosis

10.5 Inflammatory and Vascular Lesions

10.6 Hyperplastic and Neoplastic Lesions

10.6.1 Acinar Cell Hyperplasia

10.6.2 Acinar Cell Adenoma

10.6.3 Acinar Cell Carcinoma

10.6.4 Mixed Acinar-Islet Cell Adenoma

10.7 Miscellaneous Lesions

10.7.1 Basophilic Cytoplasmic Change

10.7.2 Hepatocyte Metaplasia

10.8 Toxicologic Lesions

Bibliography

III. Urinary Tract

11 Kidney

1 Introduction

2 Normal Kidney

2.1 Embryology

2.2 Anatomy

2.3 Histology

2.3.1 Glomerulus

2.3.2 Renal Tubules

2.3.3 Collecting Duct System

2.3.4 Renal Vessels and Nerves

2.3.5 Renal Interstitium

2.4 Physiology

3 Congenital Lesions

4 Degenerative Lesions

4.1 Chronic Progressive Nephropathy

4.2 Acute Tubule Necrosis

4.3 Degenerative Changes

5 Inflammatory and Vascular Lesions

6 Hyperplastic and Neoplastic Lesions

6.1 Renal Tubule Epithelium

6.1.1 Renal Tubule Hyperplasia

6.1.2 Renal Tubule Adenoma

6.1.3 Renal Tubule Carcinoma

6.1.4 Oncocytoma

6.1.5 Familial Tumors

6.2 Other Neoplasms

6.2.1 Lipomatous Tumors

6.2.2 Renal Mesenchymal Tumor

6.2.3 Nephroblastoma

6.2.4 Connective Tissue and Vascular Tumors

6.2.5 Secondary Metastatic Neoplasms

6.3 Renal Pelvic Urothelium

6.3.1 Urothelial Hyperplasia

6.3.2 Urothelial Papilloma

6.3.3 Urothelial Carcinoma

6.3.4 Squamous Cell Carcinoma

7 Miscellaneous Changes

8 Artifacts

9 Toxicologic Lesions

9.1 General Considerations

9.2 Glomerular Toxicity

9.3 Tubule Toxicity

9.4 Papillary Toxicity

9.5 Vascular Lesions

9.6 Specific Forms of Nephrotoxicity

9.6.1 α2u-Globulin Nephropathy

9.6.2 Retrograde Nephropathy

9.7 Experimentally Induced Renal Carcinogenesis

Bibliography

12 Urinary Bladder, Ureter, and Urethra

1 Introduction

2 Normal Urinary Pathway

2.1 Embryology

2.2 Anatomy and Histology

2.2.1 Urinary Bladder

2.2.2 Ureter

2.2.3 Urethra

2.3 Physiology

3 Congenital Lesions

4 Inflammatory Lesions

5 Hyperplastic and Neoplastic Lesions

5.1 Urothelial Hyperplasia and Metaplasia

5.2 Urothelial Neoplasms

5.2.1 Papilloma

5.2.2 Carcinomas

5.2.3 Squamous Cell Neoplasms

5.2.4 Adenocarcinoma

5.2.5 Mesenchymal Neoplasms

5.2.6 Urinary Bladder Polyp

5.2.7 Metastatic Neoplasms

6 Miscellaneous

6.1 Urolithiasis

6.2 Trichosomoides crassicauda (Bladder Threadworm)

6.3 Angiectasis

6.4 Artifacts

6.5 Diverticuli

7 Toxicologic Lesions

8 Experimentally Induced URINARY BLADDER Carcinogenesis

Bibliography

IV. Nervous System and Special Sense Organs

13 Brain

1 Introduction

1.1 Embryology

1.2 Anatomy

2 Congenital Lesions

3 Degenerative Lesions

3.1 Artifacts

3.2 Basophilic Bodies/Mineralization

3.3 Osseous Metaplasia

3.4 Neuronal Vacuolation

3.5 Neuronal Degeneration and Necrosis

3.6 Neuronal Pigmentation

3.7 Gliosis

3.8 Degenerative Changes Affecting Axons and Myelin Within the CNS

3.9 Neuronal Chromatolysis

3.10 Malacia

3.11 Inflammatory and Vascular Lesions

3.11.1 Infectious Agents

3.11.2 Mononuclear Inflammatory Cell Infiltrates

3.11.3 Arteritis

3.11.4 Thrombosis/Infarction

3.11.5 Hemorrhage

3.11.6 Edema

4 Hyperplastic Lesions

4.1 Granular Cell Hyperplasia

5 Neoplastic Lesions

5.1 Neuronal Tumors

5.1.1 Medulloblastoma

5.1.2 Neuromyoblastoma

5.2 Glial Tumors

5.2.1 Astrocytoma

5.2.2 Oligodendroglioma

5.2.3 Mixed Glioma

5.3 Meningeal Tumors

5.3.1 Meningioma

5.3.2 Granular Cell Tumor

5.3.3 Other Lineages

5.3.3.1 Ependymoma

5.3.3.2 Choroid Plexus Neoplasms

5.3.3.3 Benign and Malignant Nerve Sheath Neoplasms

5.3.3.4 Malignant Reticulosis

5.3.3.5 Hamartoma, Lipomatous (Lipoma)

5.3.3.6 Pineal Gland Neoplasms

5.3.3.7 Vascular Neoplasms

5.3.3.8 Metastatic and Invasive Neoplasms

6 Toxicologic Lesions

6.1 Primary Toxic Damage to Neurons (Toxic Neuronopathies)

6.2 Primary Damage to Axons (Toxic Axonopathies)

6.3 Primary Damage to Myelin (Toxic Myelinopathies)

6.4 Toxic Damage to Astrocytes

6.5 Toxic Damage to Microglia

6.6 Miscellaneous Toxic Lesions

Bibliography

14 The Spinal Cord and Peripheral Nervous System

1 Spinal Cord and Peripheral Nerves

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Embryology and Anatomy

1.3 Sampling and Histology

1.4 Congenital Lesions

1.4.1 Neural Tube Defects

1.4.2 Epidermoid Cyst

1.5 Degenerative Lesions

1.5.1 Lipofuscin Deposition in Neurons

1.5.2 Radiculoneuropathy (Radicular Myelinopathy)

1.5.3 Axonal Atrophy (Dorsal Funiculus, Peripheral Nerves) Associated with Aging

1.5.4 Axonal Dystrophy

1.6 Inflammatory and Vascular Lesions

1.7 Hyperplastic and Neoplastic Lesions

1.7.1 Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors—Schwann Cell Neoplastic Lesions (Schwannoma, Neurilemmoma, Neurinoma)

1.7.2 Neuroblastic Tumors: Neuroblastoma, Ganglioneuroblastoma, Ganglioneuroma, Paraganglioma (Chemodectoma, Glomus Tumor)

2 Artifacts

3 Toxicologic Lesions

3.1 Primary Damage to Perikarya of Peripheral Neurons

3.2 Primary Damage to Axons of Peripheral Neurons

3.3 Primary Damage to Myelin Sheaths or Schwann Cells

3.4 Induced Neoplastic Lesions

4 Animal Models of Peripheral Neuropathies

References

15 Ears and Pinna

1 Introduction

2 Normal Ear and Pinna

2.1 Embryology

2.2 Anatomy and Histology

2.3 Function

3 Congenital Lesions

4 Degenerative Lesions

5 Inflammatory and Vascular Lesions

5.1 External Ear

5.2 Middle Far

5.3 Auditory Tube

5.4 Inner Far

6 Hyperplastic and Neoplastic Lesions

6.1 Hyperplasia

6.2 Neoplasia

7 Neural Crest Neoplasm of the Pinna

8 Miscellaneous Lesions

8.1 External Ear

9 Toxicologic Lesions

Bibliography

16 Eye and Associated Glands

1 Introduction

2 Normal Eye and Associated Glands

2.1 Embryology

2.1.1 Eye

2.1.2 Adnexa

2.2 Anatomy and Histology

2.2.1 Eye

2.2.2 Adnexa

2.3 Physiology

2.3.1 Eye

2.3.2 Adnexa

3 Congenital Lesions

4 Degenerative Lesions

4.1 Eye

4.1.1 Corneal Mineral Deposits

4.1.2 Scleral Osseous/Cartilaginous Metaplasia

4.1.3 Cataracts

4.1.4 Retinal Degeneration and Atrophy

4.1.4.1 Spontaneous Retinopathies

4.1.4.2 Exposure to Light

4.1.4.3 Age-Related Retinal Degeneration

4.1.4.4 Retinal Degeneration Secondary to Increased Intraocular Pressure

4.1.5 Microcystoid Degeneration of the Retina

4.1.6 Pigment Accumulation

4.1.7 Vacuolar Degeneration of the Choroid

4.2 Adnexa

5 Inflammatory and Vascular Lesions

5.1 Eye

5.2 Adnexa

6 Hyperplastic and Neoplastic Lesions

6.1 Eye

6.1.1 Dermoid

6.1.2 Squamous Cell Papilloma and Carcinoma

6.1.3 Melanocytic Hyperplasia

6.1.4 Melanoma, Uveal, Malignant

6.1.5 Leiomyoma, Uveal

6.1.6 Leiomyosarcoma and Hemangiosarcoma

6.1.7 Schwannoma, Intraocular, Malignant

6.1.8 Retinoblastoma

6.2 Harderian Gland

6.2.1 Hyperplasia, Acinar

6.2.2 Adenoma

6.2.3 Adenocarcinoma

6.3 Lacrimal Gland

6.3.1 Hyperplasia, Acinar

6.3.2 Adenoma

6.3.3 Adenocarcinoma

6.3.4 Hemangioma

6.3.5 Squamous Cell Hyperplasia, Papilloma, and Carcinoma of the Lacrimal Duct

6.4 Optic Nerve

6.4.1 Meningioma

6.4.2 Malignant Schwannoma

6.4.3 Ganglioneuroma

6.4.4 Glioma

7 Miscellaneous Lesions

7.1 Eye

7.1.1 Epithelial (Inclusion) Cyst

7.1.2 Synechia and Other Sequelae of Intraocular Inflammation

7.1.3 Retinal Detachment

7.1.4 Retinal Gliosis

7.2 Adnexa

7.2.1 Chromodacryorrhea

7.2.2 Cytomegaly (Karyomegaly) of the Lacrimal Gland

7.2.3 Intranuclear Inclusions of Lacrimal Glands

7.2.4 Harderian Gland Alteration in the Lacrimal Gland

7.2.5 Epithelial Cyst of the Nasolacrimal Duct

8 Toxicologic Lesions

8.1 Eye

8.1.1 Cornea

8.1.2 Uvea

8.1.3 Lens

8.1.4 Retina

8.1.5 Vitreous Body

8.1.6 Optic Nerve

8.2 Adnexa

Bibliography

V. Musculoskeletal System

17 Skeletal Muscle

1 Introduction

2 Normal Skeletal Muscle

2.1 Embryology

2.2 Anatomy

2.3 Histologic and Ultrastructural Features

2.4 Physiology

3 Congenital Anomalies

4 Degenerative Lesions

4.1 Atrophy

4.2 Hypertrophy

4.3 Degeneration and Necrosis

4.4 Regeneration

4.5 Hormonal Disorders

4.6 Nutritional Disorders

5 Parasitic, Inflammatory, and Vascular Lesions

6 Hyperplastic and Neoplastic Lesions

7 Miscellaneous

7.1 Hind Leg Myopathy of Aging Rats

7.2 Other

8 Toxicologic Lesions

Acknowledgments

Bibliography

18 Bones, Joints, and Synovia

1 Introduction

2 Normal Bones, Joints, and Synovia

2.1 Embryology

2.2 Anatomy

2.3 Histology

2.4 Evaluation Methods

2.5 Physiology

3 Non-proliferative Lesions

3.1 Congenital Lesions

3.2 Disturbances of Growth or Metabolism

3.2.1 Increased Bone, Trabeculae and/or Cortex

3.2.2 Decreased Bone, Trabeculae and/or Cortex

3.2.3 Increased Osteoid/Hyperosteoidosis

3.2.4 Fibrous Osteodystrophy

3.2.5 Increased Eroded Surface

3.3 Necrosis

3.4 Fracture and Callus Formation

3.5 Increased Physeal Thickness and/or Physeal Dysplasia

3.6 Decreased Physeal Thickness

3.7 Degenerative Joint Disease

3.8 Chondromucinous Degeneration

3.9 Inflammation

3.10 Reactive New Bone Formation

4 Hyperplastic and Neoplastic Lesions

4.1 Hyperplastic Bone Lesions

4.1.1 Osteochondroma

4.2 Hyperplastic Synovial Lesions

4.3 Bone Neoplasms

4.3.1 Osteosarcoma

4.3.2 Osteoma

4.3.3 Osteoblastoma

4.4 Cartilage Neoplasms

4.4.1 Chondroma and Chondrosarcoma

4.4.2 Synovial Sarcoma

Bibliography

VI. Integumentary System

19 The Skin and Subcutis

1 Introduction

2 Normal Skin and Subcutis

2.1 Embryology

2.2 Anatomy and Histology

2.3 Physiology

3 Infectious Diseases

4 Congenital Lesions

5 Non-neoplastic Lesions

5.1 Atrophy

5.2 Epidermal Degeneration

5.3 Dermal Degeneration

5.4 Erosion and Ulceration

5.5 Tissue Necrosis and Apoptosis

5.6 Inflammatory Lesion

6 Hyperplastic and Neoplastic Lesions

6.1 Hyperplasia

6.1.1 Hyperplasia of the Squamous Epithelium

6.1.2 Hyperplasia of the Sebaceous Glands

6.1.3 Epidermal Cyst

6.2 Epithelial Neoplasms

6.2.1 Squamous Cell Papilloma and Carcinoma

6.2.2 Basal Cell Tumor (Adenoma and Carcinoma)

6.2.3 Sebaceous Cell Adenoma and Carcinoma

6.2.4 Trichoepithelioma

6.2.5 Keratoacanthoma

6.2.6 Sweat Gland Tumors

6.3 Mesodermal Non-Neoplastic Proliferative and Neoplasmic Lesions

6.3.1 Fibroma and Fibrosarcoma

6.3.2 Myxoma and Myxosarcoma

6.3.3 Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma or Pleomorphic Undifferentiated Sarcoma

6.3.4 Histiocytic Sarcoma

6.3.5 Hemangioma and Hemangiosarcoma

6.3.6 Hemangiopericytoma

6.3.7 Lipoma, Liposarcoma, and Hibernoma

6.3.8 Undifferentiated Sarcoma

6.4 Neurogenic Neoplasms

6.4.1 Malignant Schwannoma

6.4.2 Neural Crest Tumor (Possible Amelanotic Melanoma)

6.5 Other Neoplasms

7 Toxicologic Lesions

7.1 Non-Neoplastic Lesions

7.1.1 Irritation

7.1.2 Nutrition and Hormone

7.1.3 Immune-Mediated Cutaneous Toxicity

7.1.4 Phototoxicity

7.2 Neoplastic Lesions

7.2.1 Epithelial Neoplasm

7.2.2 Mesenchymal Neoplasm

Bibliography

20 Specialized Sebaceous Glands—Zymbal’s Gland, Preputial Gland, Clitoral Gland, and Perianal Gland

1 Introduction

2 Normal Specialized Sebaceous Gland

2.1 Embryology

2.2 Anatomy and Histology

2.2.1 Zymbal’s Gland (Auditory Sebaceous Gland)

2.2.2 Preputial/Clitoral Glands

2.2.3 Circumanal Gland (Perianal Gland)

2.3 Physiology

3 Congenital Lesions

4 Degenerative Lesions

5 Inflammatory Lesions

6 Growth Disturbances (Non-Neoplastic)

7 Growth Disturbances (Neoplastic)

7.1 Zymbal’s Gland

7.2 Preputial and Clitoral Glands

7.3 Perianal (Circumanal) Glands

8 Toxicologic Lesions

Acknowledgments

Bibliography

VII. Mammary Gland

21 Mammary Gland

1 Introduction

2 Normal Mammary Gland

2.1 Embryology and Development

2.2 Anatomy

2.3 Histology

3 Congenital Lesions

4 Degenerative Lesions

5 Inflammatory and Vascular Lesions

6 Hyperplastic and Neoplastic Lesions

6.1 Lobular or Lobuloalveolar Hyperplasia

6.2 Focal Hyperplasia with Cellular Atypia (Atypical Hyperplasia)

6.3 Fibroadenoma

6.4 Adenoma

6.5 Adenolipoma

6.6 Adenocarcinoma

6.7 Carcinosarcoma

7 Miscellaneous Lesions

8 Toxicologic Lesions

Bibliography

VIII. Respiratory Tract

22 Nose, Larynx, and Trachea

1 Introduction

2 Normal Upper Respiratory Tract

2.1 Embryology

2.2 Anatomy and Histology

2.2.1 Nasal Cavity

2.2.2 Vomeronasal Organ

2.2.3 Nasolacrimal Ducts

2.2.4 Maxillary Sinuses

2.2.5 Larynx

2.2.6 Trachea

2.3 Physiology

3 Congenital Lesions

4 Degenerative, Regenerative, and Adaptive Lesions

4.1 Nasal Cavity

4.1.1 Squamous Epithelium

4.1.2 Respiratory Epithelium

4.1.3 Olfactory Epithelium

4.1.4 Accessory Nasal Structures

4.2 Larynx and Trachea

5 Inflammatory and Vascular Lesions

6 Hyperplastic and Neoplastic Lesions

6.1 Nasal Cavity

6.1.1 Squamous Epithelium

6.1.1.1 Squamous Cell Hyperplasia

6.1.1.2 Squamous Cell Papilloma and Carcinoma

6.1.2 Transitional, Respiratory and Olfactory Epithelium, and Associated Glands

6.1.2.1 Hyperplasia and Hyperplasia with Atypia (Atypical Hyperplasia, Basal Cell Hyperplasia, Dysplasia)

6.1.2.2 Adenoma (Adenomatous or Villous Polyp, Villous or Polypoid Adenoma)

6.1.2.3 Adenocarcinoma

6.1.2.4 Adenosquamous Carcinoma

6.1.2.5 Olfactory Neuroblastoma

6.1.2.6 Nasal Polyps

6.1.2.7 Mesenchymal Neoplasms

6.2 Larynx and Trachea

7 Miscellaneous

7.1 Nasal Cavity

8 Toxicologic Lesions

8.1 Nasal Passages and Associated Structures

8.2 Larynx

8.3 Trachea

9 Molecular Pathology of the Upper Respiratory Tract

9.1 Alterations in Gene Expression

9.2 Alterations in Protein Expression

9.3 DNA Adducts and Mutations in Nasal Tumors

References

Further Reading—Molecular pathology

23 Lung, Pleura, and Mediastinum

1 Introduction

2 Normal Lung

2.1 Embryology

2.2 Anatomy

2.3 Histology

2.3.1 Trachea, Bronchi, and Bronchioles

2.3.2 Terminal Bronchioles

2.3.3 Alveolar Duct and Alveoli

2.3.4 Bronchial-Associated Lymphoid Tissue

2.3.5 Pulmonary Vasculature

2.3.6 Pleura and Mediastinum

2.4 Physiology

3 Congenital Lesions

4 Infectious Diseases

4.1 Mycoplasma pulmonis

4.2 Cilia-Associated Respiratory Bacillus (CAR Bacillus)

4.3 Corynebacterium kutscheri

4.4 Pneumocystis carinii

4.5 Rat Coronavirus

4.6 Sendai Virus

4.7 Rat Polyomavirus

5 Nonproliferative, Degenerative, and Vascular Lesions

5.1 Degeneration and Necrosis

5.2 Fibrosis

5.3 Alveolar Proteinosis (Lipoproteinosis)

5.4 Alveolar Histiocytosis (Infiltrate Cellular, Histiocyte)

5.5 Mineral

5.6 Pigments

5.7 Inflammatory Lesions

6 Nonneoplastic and Neoplastic Proliferative Lesions

6.1 Regenerative Hyperplasia

6.2 Primary Hyperplasia of the Alveolar Epithelium

6.3 Bronchial Hyperplasia

6.4 Mesothelial Hyperplasia

6.5 Alveolar/Bronchiolar Adenoma and Carcinoma

6.6 Bronchial Adenoma and Carcinoma

6.7 Squamous Cell Carcinoma

6.8 Cystic Keratinizing Epithelioma

6.9 Sarcoma

6.10 Malignant Mesothelioma

6.11 Mediastinal Neoplasms

6.12 Metastatic Neoplasms

7 Miscellaneous Lesions

7.1 Gavage-Related Lesions

7.2 Hair Embolism

7.3 Cartilaginous Metaplasia

7.4 Osseous Metaplasia

7.5 Goblet Cell Metaplasia

8 Toxicologic Lesions

8.1 Toxicity of Particles

8.2 Toxicity of Gases

8.3 Toxicity of Chemicals Administered Systemically

8.4 Carcinogenesis

References

IX. Immune System

24 Spleen, Lymph Nodes, and Thymus

1 Spleen

1.1 Introduction

2 Normal Spleen

2.1 Embryology

3 Anatomy and Histology

4 Function

5 Congenital Lesions

6 Degenerative Lesions

Atrophy

Pigment

6.1 Fibrosis

7 Inflammatory and Vascular Lesions

8 Hyperplastic and Neoplastic Lesions

8.1 Hyperplasia

9 Neoplasia

9.1 Large Granular Lymphocyte Leukemia

10 Lymphoma and Other Hematopoietic Neoplasms

11 Mesenchymal Neoplasms

11.1 Fibroma and Fibrosarcoma

11.2 Leiomyoma and Leiomyosarcoma

11.3 Hemangioma and Hemangiosarcoma

11.4 Osteosarcoma

11.5 Undifferentiated Sarcoma

11.6 Malignant Schwannoma

12 Other Neoplasms

13 Miscellaneous

14 Toxicologic Lesions

15 Lymph Nodes

15.1 Introduction

16 Normal Lymph Nodes

16.1 Embryology

16.2 Anatomy and Histology

17 Congenital Lesions

18 Degenerative Lesions

19 Inflammatory and Vascular Lesions

20 Hyperplastic and Neoplastic Lesions

20.1 Hyperplasia

20.2 Neoplasia

21 Toxicologic Lesions

22 Thymus

22.1 Introduction

23 Normal Thymus

23.1 Embryology

23.2 Anatomy and Histology

23.3 Function

24 Congenital Lesions

25 Degenerative Lesions

26 Inflammatory and Vascular Lesions

27 Hyperplastic and Neoplastic Lesions

27.1 Hyperplasia

28 Neoplasia

28.1 Thymoma

29 Thymic Lymphoma

30 Toxicologic Lesions

References

X. Bone Marrow

25 Bone Marrow

1 Introduction

2 Normal Bone Marrow

2.1 Ontogeny

2.1.1 Hematopoiesis

2.1.2 Marrow Cavity

2.2 Structure and Function

2.2.1 Vascular Supply

2.2.2 Stromal Elements

2.3 Hematopoiesis and the Hematopoietic Cells

2.4 The Myeloid: Erythroid Ratio

3 Disturbances in Hematopoietic Cell Growth

3.1 Increased Cell Numbers

3.1.1 Increases in Erythroid Cells

3.1.2 Increases in Granulocytic Cells

3.1.3 Increases in Megakaryocytes

3.1.4 Reactive Increases in Mast Cells

3.2 Decreased Cell Numbers

3.2.1 Decreases in Erythroid Cells

3.2.2 Decreases in Granulocytic Cells

3.2.3 Decreases in Megakaryocytic Cells

3.2.4 Multi-Lineage Decreases

3.3 Dyshematopoiesis

3.3.1 Selected Dyserythropoietic Disorders

4 Alterations of Bone Marrow Stromal Cells

4.1 Fibrosis

4.2 Reactive Increases in Macrophages

4.3 Focal Lipomatosis

4.4 Miscellaneous

5 Degenerative Changes

5.1 Necrosis

5.2 Thrombosis

5.3 Gelatinous Transformation of Bone Marrow

5.4 Inflammation

5.4.1 Suppurative Inflammation

5.4.2 Granulomatous Inflammation

5.5 Neoplasia

6 Miscellaneous

6.1 Angiectasis

6.2 Iron Pigmentation

Bibliography

XI. Female Reproductive Tract

26 Ovary

1 Introduction

2 Normal Ovary

2.1 Embryology

2.2 Anatomy and Histology

2.3 Physiology

3 Congenital Lesions

4 Nonproliferative Lesions

4.1 Atrophy

4.2 Decreased Number/Absence of Corpora Lutea

4.3 Increased Size/Number of Corpora Lutea

4.4 Degeneration Within Corpora Lutea

4.5 Follicular Atresia

4.6 Cysts

4.7 Other Degenerative Lesions

5 Hyperplastic and Neoplastic Lesions

5.1 Hyperplastic Lesions

5.1.1 Epithelial Hyperplasic Changes

5.1.2 Sex-Cord Stromal Hyperplastic Changes

5.1.3 Interstitial Cell Hyperplasia

5.2 Neoplasia

5.2.1 Epithelial Neoplasia

5.2.2 Sex-Cord Stromal Neoplasia

5.3 Benign and Malignant Granulosa Cell Tumors

5.3.1 Luteoma

5.3.2 Thecoma

5.3.3 Sertoli Cell Tumor

5.3.4 Sex-Cord Stromal Tumor, Mixed

5.3.5 Germ Cell Tumors

5.3.6 Miscellaneous Tumors

6 Toxicologic Lesions

Bibliography

27 Oviduct, Uterus, and Vagina

1 Introduction

2 Normal Tubular Genital Organs

2.1 Embryology

2.2 Anatomy

2.3 Histology

2.4 Physiology

3 Congenital Lesions

4 Aging Lesions

5 Inflammatory and Vascular Lesions

6 Nonproliferative Lesions

6.1 Atrophy

6.2 Hypertrophy

6.3 Cysts

6.4 Dilation

6.5 Prolapse

6.6 Adenomyosis

7 Hyperplastic and Neoplastic Lesions

7.1 Oviduct

7.2 Uterus

7.2.1 Endometrial Hyperplasia

7.2.2 Endometrial Adenoma and Adenocarcinoma

7.2.3 Miscellaneous Neoplasms

7.2.4 Decidual Reaction (Decidual Alteration, Deciduoma)

7.2.5 Endometrial Stromal Polyp

7.2.6 Endometrial Stromal Sarcoma

7.2.7 Leiomyoma and Leiomyosarcoma

7.2.8 Malignant Schwannoma

7.2.9 Other Mesenchymal Neoplasms

7.3 Vagina and Cervix

8 Toxicologic Lesions

Acknowledgements

Bibliography

XII. Male Reproductive System

28 Testis and Epididymis

1 Introduction

2 Normal Testis and Epididymis

2.1 Embryology

2.2 Postnatal Development

2.3 Anatomy and Histology

2.4 Physiology

3 Congenital Lesions

4 Degenerative Lesions

5 Inflammatory and Vascular Lesions

6 Hyperplastic and Neoplastic Lesions

6.1 Hyperplasia and Adenoma of Interstitial Cells

6.2 Mesothelioma

6.3 Rete Testis Neoplasms

6.4 Other Neoplasms

7 Miscellaneous

8 Toxicologic Lesions

Bibliography

29 Male Accessory Sex Glands

1 Introduction

2 Normal Male Sex Glands and Organs

2.1 Embryology

2.2 Structure

2.2.1 Ventral Prostate

2.2.2 Dorsolateral Prostate

2.2.3 Ampullary Glands

2.2.4 Coagulating Gland (Dorsocranial, Cranial, or Anterior Prostate)

2.2.5 Seminal Vesicle (Vesicular Glands)

2.2.6 Bulbourethral Glands (Cowper’s Glands)

2.2.7 Penis

3 Congenital Lesions

4 Degenerative Lesions

5 Inflammatory and Vascular Lesions

6 Hyperplastic and Neoplastic Lesions

7 Toxicologic Lesions

Bibliography

XIII. Circulatory System

30 Cardiovascular System

1 Introduction

1.1 Embryology

1.1.1 Blood and Lymphatic Vessels

1.1.2 Heart

2 Congenital Lesions

2.1 Interventricular Septal Defect

2.2 Hamartomas of Blood Vessels

2.3 Patent Ductus Arteriosus

2.4 Right-Sided Aortic Arch

3 Degenerative Lesions

3.1 Vascular Ectasia/Angiectasis

3.2 Arteriosclerosis

3.3 Focal Loss of Internal Elastic Lamina

3.4 Intimal Proliferation

3.5 Medial Degeneration

3.6 Hypertrophy

3.7 Myocardial Degeneration

3.8 Spontaneous Cardiomyopathy

3.9 Mineralization (Calcification)

3.10 Thrombosis and Aneurysms

4 Inflammatory Lesions

5 Hyperplastic Lesions

5.1 Endocardial Hyperplasia

5.2 Myocardial Hyperplasia

5.3 Proliferation and Hyperplasia of Blood Vessels

6 Neoplastic Lesions

6.1 Blood Vessels

6.2 Heart

6.3 Metastatic Neoplasms

6.4 Artefacts

7 Toxicologic Lesions

7.1 Cardiotoxicity

7.2 Myocardial Degeneration and Necrosis

7.3 Biomarkers of Cardiotoxicity

7.4 Cardiac Weight Changes, Hypertrophy, and Atrophy

7.5 Submicroscopic (“Occult”) Cardiotoxicity

7.6 Chemically Induced Cardiac Thrombosis

7.7 Valve Lesions

7.8 Neoplasia

8 Induced Lesions In Blood Vessels

8.1 Vasculitis

8.2 Immune-Mediated Vasculitis

8.3 Hypertrophy, Hyperplasia, and Fibrosis

8.4 Plexiform Vasculopathy

8.5 Aneurysms

8.6 Induced Degenerative Changes

8.7 Induced Neoplasia

8.8 Infusion Studies

Bibliography

XIV. Endocrine System

31 Pituitary Gland

1 Introduction

2 Normal Pituitary Gland

2.1 Embryology

2.2 Anatomy

2.3 Histology

2.4 Physiology

3 Congenital Lesions

4 Degenerative Lesions

5 Inflammatory and Vascular Lesions

6 Hyperplastic and Neoplastic Lesions

6.1 Pars Distalis

6.1.1 Focal Hyperplasia

6.1.2 Adenoma

6.1.3 Carcinoma

6.2 Pars Intermedia

6.2.1 Hyperplasia

6.2.2 Adenoma

6.2.3 Carcinoma

6.3 Pars Nervosa

6.3.1 Gliosis

6.3.2 Hyperplasia

6.3.3 Craniopharyngioma

6.3.4 Pituicytoma

6.4 Miscellaneous Neoplasms

7 Miscellaneous Lesions

8 Toxicologic Lesions

Bibliography

32 Adrenal Gland

1 Introduction

2 Normal Adrenal Gland

2.1 Embryology

2.2 Anatomy

2.3 Histology

2.4 Physiology

3 Congenital Lesions

3.1 Accessory (Adreno) Cortical Tissue

3.2 Agenesis

4 Degenerative Lesions

4.1 Atrophy

4.2 Cortical Vacuolation (Fatty Change)

4.3 Cystic Degeneration

4.4 Mineralization

4.5 Lipofuscin (Ceroid)

4.6 Necrosis

4.7 Diffuse Lipid Depletion

4.8 Extracapsular Cortical Tissue

5 Inflammatory and Vascular Lesions

6 Hyperplastic and Neoplastic Lesions

6.1 Adrenal Cortex

6.1.1 Hypertrophy

6.1.2 Hyperplasia

6.1.3 Cortical Adenoma

6.1.4 Cortical Carcinoma

6.2 Adrenal Medulla

6.2.1 Basophilic Focus

6.2.2 Hyperplasia

6.2.3 Benign and Malignant Pheochromocytoma

6.2.4 Complex Pheochromocytoma

6.2.5 Ganglioneuroma

6.2.6 Neuroblastoma

6.2.7 Metastatic Neoplasms

7 Miscellaneous Lesions

7.1 Osseous Metaplasia

7.2 Amyloidosis

8 Toxicologic Lesions

8.1 Cortex

8.1.1 Lipidosis

8.1.2 Phospholipidosis

8.1.3 Necrosis

8.1.4 Atrophy

8.1.5 Proliferative Lesions

8.2 Adrenal Medulla

Bibliography

33 Thyroid Gland

1 Introduction

2 Normal Thyroid Gland

2.1 Embryology

2.2 Anatomy

2.3 Histology

2.4 Physiology

2.4.1 Thyroid Hormones and Follicular Cells

2.4.2 C Cells and Calcitonin

3 Congenital Anomalies

4 Degenerative Lesions

5 Inflammatory and Vascular Lesions

6 Hyperplastic and Neoplastic Lesions

6.1 Follicular Epithelium

6.1.1 Follicular Cell Hyperplasia

6.1.2 Follicular Cell Adenoma

6.1.3 Follicular Cell Carcinoma

6.2 C Cells (Parafollicular Cells)

6.2.1 C-Cell Hyperplasia

6.2.2 C-Cell Adenoma

6.2.3 C-Cell Carcinoma

7 Miscellaneous Lesions

8 Toxicologic Lesions

References

34 Parathyroid Gland

1 Introduction

2 Normal Parathyroid Gland

2.1 Embryology

2.2 Histology

2.3 Physiology

3 Congenital Lesions

4 Degenerative Lesions

5 Inflammatory and Vascular Lesions

6 Hyperplasia and Neoplastic Lesions

6.1 Hyperplasia

6.2 Adenoma

6.3 Carcinoma

7 Miscellaneous

8 Toxicologic Lesions

Bibliography

35 Endocrine Pancreas

1 Introduction

2 Normal Endocrine Pancreas

2.1 Embryology

2.2 Anatomy and Histology

2.3 Pathophysiology

3 Congenital Lesions

4 Degenerative Lesions

5 Inflammatory and Vascular Lesions

6 Hyperplastic and Neoplastic Lesions

6.1 Islet Cell Hyperplasia

6.2 Islet Cell Regeneration

6.3 Islet Cell Adenoma

6.4 Islet Cell Carcinoma

6.5 Mixed Acinar-Islet Cell Adenoma

7 Hepatocyte Metaplasia

8 Toxicologic Lesions

Bibliography

Index

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