Cover

Half-title

Title

Copyright

Dedication

Contents

Preface

1 Introduction

1.1 The broken heart: fact or folklore?

1.2 Scope and objectives of the book

2 The symptomatology of grief

2.1 Grief mourning, and bereavement: a conceptual clarification

2.2 Normal and pathological grief

2.3 Grief and clinical depression

3 Is grief universal? Cultural variations in the emotional reactions to loss

3.1 Introduction

3.2 The role of cultural factors in emotion

3.3 Cross-cultural variations in symptomatology: the case of crying

3.4 Symptoms of grief particular to non- Western cultures

3.5 Phases of grief in cross-cultural perspective

3.6 Cultural variables and differences in the duration of grief

3.7 Instances of the apparent absence of grief: Do they weaken the case for universality?

3.8 General conclusions

4 Depression models of grief

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Grief and object loss: a psychoanalytic approach

4.3 Grief and loss of attachment: an ethological approach

4.4 Grief and loss of reinforcement: a behavioral approach

4.5 Grief and loss of control: a cognitive approach

4.6 Summary and conclusions

5 Stress models of grief

5.1 Introduction

5.2 The physiological approach to stress: the work of Selye

5.3 The psychosomatic approach

5.4 The psychological approach to stress

5.5 Stress and depression: two sides of the coin

6 Mediators between stress and illness

6.1 Behavioral changes

6.2 Physiological changes

6.3 Conclusions

7 The loss effect: health consequences of marital bereavement

7.1 Methodological issues in bereavement research

7.2 Mental health

7.3 Physical health

7.4 Mortality

7.5 Conclusions

8 Risk factors in bereavement outcome

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Socioculturalfactors

8.3 Individual factors

8.4 Antecedent situationalfactors

8.5 Mode of death

8.6 Circumstances after the loss

8.7 Conclusions

9 Reducing the risk of poor bereavement outcome

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Assessing the impact of interaction and support

9.3 Grief counseling and grief therapy: distinctions

9.4 Methodological issues in the evaluation of intervention programs

9.5 Empirical studies of the effectiveness of bereavement intervention

9.6 Negative results: a consideration

9.7 Does intervention reduce risk?

9.8 Guidelines for supporting the bereaved

9.9 Implications

9.10 Final remarks

References

Author index

Subject index