Chapter
2 Bioremediation in soil: influence of soil properties on organic contaminants and bacteria
2.1 Introduction to the soil system
2.1.1 The inorganic solid phase in soil
2.1.2 Natural organic materials in soils
2.1.3 Physical characteristics of the soil system
2.2 Influence of soil on microorganisms
2.2,2 Microbial mobility and transport
2.3 Interaction of synthetic organics with soil constituents
2.3.1 Impact on contaminant bioavailability
2.3.2 Transport phenomena
3 Biodegradation of 'BTEX' hydrocarbons under anaerobic conditions
4 Bioremediation of petroleum contamination
4.2 Principles of hydrocarbon microbiology
4.2.1 Distribution of hydrocarbon-degrading microorganisms
4.2.2 Hydrocarbon degradation: metabolic specificity
4.3.1 Physical interactions of microorganisms with hydrocarbons
4.4.1 Exxon Valdez oil spill
4.4.2 Bioremediation of an oil-polluted refinery site
4.4.3 Bioremediation of Haifa beach (Rosenberg et aL, 1992)
5 Bioremediation of environments contaminated by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
5.3 Fate and effects of PAHs in the environment
5.3.1 Sources of PAH in the environment
Natural sources of PAHs in the environment
Anthropogenic sources of PAH in the environment
5.3.2 Environmental distribution and attenuation of PAH contamination
5.4 PAH biodegradation processes
5.5 Technology-based bioremediation solutions
5.5.1 Factors affecting PAH bioremediation efficacy
Sorption/desorption kinetics
Risk-based remedial goals
European (Dutch) and Canadian standards
Treatment standards in the United States
Background PAH concentrations
5.5.2 Bioremediation technologies: conventional and innovative
PAH bioremediation strategies
5.5.4 Solid-phase PAH bioremediation: case studies
Bioaugmentation with plants
5.5.5 Bioreactor PAH bioremediation: case studies
5.5.6 In situ PAH bioremediation: case studies
6 Bioremediation of nitroaromatic compounds
6.2 Nitroaromatic degradation by aerobic and microaerophilic microorganisms
6.3 Nitroaromatic degradation by anaerobic microorganisms
6.4 Consortia versus pure cultures
6.5 Enzymology of nitroaromatic degradation
6.7 Current technologies for bioremediation of nitroaromatic-contaminatedsoils and waters
7 A history of PCB biodegradation
7.2 The early years - demonstrating the biodegradability of PCBs
7.3 The microbial expansion
7.3.1 New bacterial strains and activities - aerobic metabolism
7.3.2 Discovery of anaerobic dechlorination and natural attenuation
7.4.1 Genes and genetic recombination
7.5 Bioremediation alternatives
7.5.1 General applicability of bioremediation
7.5.2 A hierarchy of options
7.5.3 Development of alternative PCB biotreatment systems
7.5.4 Field demonstrations
7.5.5 The issues of bioavailability
8 Bioremediation of chlorinated phenols
8.1 Sources of contamination
8.2 Chemical and physical properties of chlorophenols
8.3.1 Biodegradation mechanisms
8.3.2 Factors affecting biodegradation
Effect of additional contaminants
8.4 Groundwater remediation
8.4.2 In situ remediation
8.5.1 Soil characteristics
8.5.2 Inhibitionltoxicity
8.6 Potential for sediment remediation
9 Biodegradation of chlorinated aliphatic compounds
9.1 Chlorinated aliphatic compounds in the environment
9.1.1 Natural products and synthetic compounds
9.2 Challenges for microbial metabolism
9.2.1 Environmental persistence
9.2.2 Chemistry of chlorinated aliphatic compounds
9.3.2 Commercial developments
10 Microbial remediation of metals
10.1 Metals in the environment
10.2 Physical and chemical remediation of metal-contaminated sites
10.3 Metal speciation and bioavailability
10.4 Metal toxicity to microorganisms and microbial resistance mechanisms
10.4.3 Oxidation-reduction
10.5 Origin of microbially based metal remediation
10.6 Microbial interactions with metals
10.6.1 Oxidation-reduction reactions
10.6.4 Biosurfactants and siderophores
Biosurfactants/bioemulsifiers
10.7 Innovative approaches to microbial remediation of metal-contaminated environments
10.7.1 Soils and sediments
Biosurfactants/bioemulsifiers
11 Molecular techniques in bioremediation
11.2 Pathway construction
11.2.1 Biochemical background
11.2.2 Operon deregulation
Trichloroethylene cometabolism
11.2.4 Hybrid pathways and enzymes
Chlorobenzene and chlorophenol
Chloroaromatic catabolic transpos
Non-catabolic genes for catabolic pathway constructions
11.3 Rational enzyme redesign
11.4.1 Promoting GEM survival: implications for bioremediation
11.4.2 Preventing GEM survival: suicide containment systems
11.5.2 Polymerase chain reaction
11.5.3 Immunological techniques
11.5.4 Hybridization techniques
11.6 Summary and future directions
Bioremediation
：Principles and Applications
( Biotechnology Research )
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