Computational Methods for Integral Equations

Author: L. M. Delves; J. L. Mohamed  

Publisher: Cambridge University Press‎

Publication year: 1988

E-ISBN: 9780511869532

P-ISBN(Paperback): 9780521357968

Subject: O411 Mathematical Methods of Physics

Keyword: 概率论与数理统计

Language: ENG

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Computational Methods for Integral Equations

Description

Integral equations form an important class of problems, arising frequently in engineering, and in mathematical and scientific analysis. This textbook provides a readable account of techniques for their numerical solution. The authors devote their attention primarily to efficient techniques using high order approximations, taking particular account of situations where singularities are present. The classes of problems which arise frequently in practice, Fredholm of the first and second kind and eigenvalue problems, are dealt with in depth. Volterra equations, although attractive to treat theoretically, arise less often in practical problems and so have been given less emphasis. Some knowledge of numerical methods and linear algebra is assumed, but the book includes introductory sections on numerical quadrature and function space concepts. This book should serve as a valuable text for final year undergraduate or postgraduate courses, and as an introduction or reference work for practising computational mathematicians, scientists and engineers.

Chapter

2.2 Method of undetermined coefficients

2.3 Repeated rules

2.4 Gauss rules

2.4.1 General

2.4.2 Gauss-Legendre rule

2.4.3 Gauss-Chebyshev open and closed rules

2.4.4 Clenshaw-Curtis quadrature

2.5 Mapped rules

2.5.1 Mapping the independent variable

2.5.2 Linear maps

2.5.3 Nonlinear maps

2.6 Infinite range integrals

2.6.1 Interval truncation

2.6.2 Infinite range Gauss rules

2.6.3 Mapped finite range rules

2.7 Error estimates for numerical quadrature

2.7.1 An error expansion

2.7.2 Peano's theorem

2.7.3 Error estimates for repeated (M-panel) rules

2.7.4 Error expansions for the Gauss-Legendre rule

2.7.5 An error expansion for Gauss-Chebyshev quadrature

2.8 High-order vs. low-order rules

2.8.1 Families of rules

2.8.2 Numerical performance

2.9 Singular integrals

2.9.1 Gauss rules

2.9.2 Singular Chebyshev rules

2.9.3 Subtraction of the singularity

2.9.4 Ignoring the singularity

3 Introduction to the theory of linear integral equationsof the second kind

3.1 Regular values and the resolvent equations

3.2 The adjoint kernel and the adjoint equation

3.3 Characteristic values and characteristic functions

3.4 The Neumann series

3.5 Generalisation of the Neumann series

3.6 The resolvent operator and the resolvent kernel

3.7 Linear Volterra equations of the second kind

4 The Nystrom (quadrature) method for Fredholmequations of the second kind

4.1 Iteration and the Neumann series

4.1.1 A computable error bound

4.1.2 Numerical evaluation of the terms in the Neumann series

4.1.3 Truncation error in the solution of the approximatingequation (6)

4.1.4 Total error in the iterates xn

4.2 The Nystrom or quadrature method

4.2.1 The Nystrom method

4.2.2 Accuracy of the Nystrom method: qualitative considerations

4.2.3 Convergence and rates of convergence

4.2.4 Numerical examples

4.2.5 Sufficient conditions for a smooth solution

4.3 Practical error estimates for the Nystrom method

4.3.1 Brute force error estimates

4.3.2 Comparisons of two rules using the same quadrature points

4.3.3 Direct estimation of the error term

4.3.4 The difference correction

4.3.5 Deferred approach to the limit

4.4 The product Nystrom method

4.5 The method of El-gendi

4.6 Techniques for the solution of the Nystrom equations

4.6.1 Iterative or direct methods?

4.6.2 Alternative iterative schemes

5 Quadrature methods for Volterra equations of the second kind

5.1 Introduction

5.1.1 Quadrature methods for linear equations

5.1.2 Quadrature methods for nonlinear equations

5.1.3 Runge-Kutta methods

5.1.4 Starting procedures

5.1.5 Convergence

5.1.6 Round-off error and stability

5.2 Block methods

5.3 A Fredholm-type approach for linear Volterra equations

5.4 Variable step methods

5.5 Singular equations: product integration

5.6 Systems of equations

6 Eigenvalue problems and the Fredholm alternative

6.1 Formal properties of the eigenvalue problem

6.1.1 Hermitian kernels

6.1.2 Bounds on the y.

6.1.3 Non-Hermitian kernels

6.2 Kernels of finite rank (degenerate or separable kernels)

6.2.1 Algebraic solution of finite rank integral equations

6.2.2 Eigenvalues of a kernel of finite rank

6.3 Non-degenerate kernels

6.4 Numerical examples

7 Expansion methods for Fredholm equations of thesecond kind

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Numerical methods based on approximating the kernel by a separable kernel

7.3 Methods based on an expansion of the solution

7.3.1 Introduction

7.3.2 Residual minimisation methods

7.3.3 Chebyshev norm

7.3.4 L2 norm: least squares approximation

7.3.5 Method of moments or Ritz-Galerkin

7.3.6 The variational derivation of the Galerkin equations

7.3.7 A relation between the method of moments and the methods of Section 7.2

7.4 Expansion methods for eigenvalue problems

7.4.1 The Ritz-Galerkin method

7.4.2 Numerical examples

8 Numerical techniques for expansion methods

8.1 Introduction

8.2 L^ residual minimisation

8.3 Least squares residual minimisation

8.3.1 Setting up the defining equations

8.3.2 Solving the defining equations

8.3.3 Rank deficient systems

8.4 The Galerkin method

8.5 The Fast Galerkin algorithm

8.6 Comparison of methods

9 Analysis of the Galerkin method with orthogonalbasis

9.1 Structure of the equations

9.2 Convergence of Fourier half range cosine expansions

9.3 Expansions in Chebyshev polynomials

9.4 Expansion of functions of two variables

9.5 Estimates for the solution of the Galerkin equations

9.6 Error estimates

9.6.1 Approximation and truncation errors

9.6.2 Quadrature error

9.7 Quadrature errors for the Fast Galerkin method

9.7.1 Quadrature errors in y

9.7.2 Quadrature errors in B

9.8 Iterative solution of the equations La(N) = y

9.8.1 Iterative scheme for the Fast Galerkin method

10 Numerical performance of algorithms for Fredholm equations of the second kind

10.1 The comparison of algorithms

10.2 Non-automatic routines for second kind Fredholm equations

10.2.1 Timings

10.2.2 Accuracy

10.3 Comparing automatic routines

10.4 Numerical comparison of automatic routines

11 Singular integral equations

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Infinite intervals

11.2.1 Direct treatment of the infinite range

11.2.2 Mapping onto a finite interval

11.2.3 An example

11.2.4 Another example

11.3 Product integration for singular integrals

11.4 Subtraction of the singularity

11.4.1 Basic subtraction identities

11.4.2 Application to the evaluation of singular integrals

11.4.3 Application to the solution of Fredholm integral equations

11.5 Cauchy integral equations

11.5.1 Examples

11.6 The Singular Galerkin method

11.6.1 Introduction

11.6.2 The basic algorithm

11.6.3 Extensions of the algorithm

12 Integral equations of the first kind

12.1 General discussion

12.2 Eigenfunction expansions

12.2.1 Hermitian kernels

12.2.2 Non-Hermitian kernels

12.2.3 Deficient kernels

12.3 The method of regularisation

12.4 The Augmented Galerkin method

12.4.1 The method

12.4.2 Stability of the Augmented Galerkin method

12.4.3 Computational details

12.4.4 A numerical criterion for the existence of a solution

12.5 First kind Volterra equations

13 Integro-differential equations

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Quadrature methods for the numerical solution of integro differential equations

13.2.1 Differential equation methods for Volterra-type equations

13.2.2 Integral equation methods for Volterra-type equations

13.2.3 Differential equation methods for Fredholm-type equations

13.3 Expansion methods

13.3.1 El-gendi's method

13.3.2 Wolfe's method

13.3.3 The Fast Galerkin scheme for linear integro-differential equations (Babolian and Delves, 1981)

Appendix: Singular expansions

A.1 Expansions for singular driving terms

A.2 Expansions for singular kernels

References

Index

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