Cover

Half-title

Title

Copyright

Contents

List of contributors

Foreword

Introduction: Why study cardiovascular development?

The primacy of the developing cardiovascular system

The rationale for this book

The scope and content of this book

Part I Molecular, cellular, and integrative mechanisms determining cardiovascular development

1 Genetic dissection of heart development

Introduction

Dwsophila: The power of genetic screens in invertebrates

The mouse: The power of gene knockout

The zebra fish: The power of genetic screens of a vertebrate

Summary

2 Cardiac membrane structure and function

The developing sarcolemma

The transverse tubule system

Mitochondria

The sarcoplasmic reticulum

Resting and action potentials

Excitation-contraction coupling

Relaxation

Conclusion

3 Development of the myocardial contractile system

Mechanisms for diversity in contractile protein isoforms

The contractile process

Conclusions and future directions

4 Vasculogenesis and angiogenesis in the developing heart

Precoronary events

Precursor cells and early vascularization

The coronary arterial system

Postnatal vascular growth

Regulation of coronary vascularization

Unanswered questions

5 Extracellular matrix maturation and heart formation

Introduction

Cardiac cushion formation

Matrix receptors

Cardiac cushion maturation

Three-dimensional organization of heart cells

Myofibrillogenesis

Neonatal heart development

Proteoglycans

Conclusions and future directions

6 Endothelial cell development and its role in pathogenesis

Introduction

Endothelial cell development

The role of the extracellular matrix in pathogenesis

The unanswered questions

7 Embryonic cardiovascular function, coupling, and maturation: A species view

Introduction: Scope and definitions

Embryonic cardiovascular morphometry

Embryonic cardiovascular functional maturation: An overview

Atrial function

Ventricular function

Ventricular-vascular coupling

Functional consequences of ventricular growth acceleration

Functional consequences of ventricular growth deceleration

Cardiovascular consequences of autonomic nervous maturation

Embryonic cardiac mechanics

Significance and future directions of research

8 Hormonal systems regulating the developing cardiovascular system

Introduction

Catecholamines and their effects

Atrial natriuretic peptide and its effects

Endothelin-1

Conclusions and future directions

Part II Species diversity in cardiovascular development

9 Evolution of cardiovascular systems: Insights into ontogeny

Introduction

Common solutions to common problems

The evolution of cardiovascular systems

Vertebrate cardiovascular evolution

Mammalian cardiac development

Forming a divided heart

The coronary circulation

Future directions

10 Morphogenesis of vertebrate hearts

The origin of the heart and early morphogenesis

Heart induction

Heart differentiation

Differentiation and morphogenesis

The cardiac loop

Unanswered questions and some critiques

11 Invertebrate cardiovascular development

Introduction

Annelida

Arthropoda

Mollusca

Echinodermata

Hemichordata

Urochordata

Concluding remarks

12 Piscine cardiovascular development

Introduction

Morphogenesis

Physiology

Adaptive responses

Concluding remarks

13 Amphibian cardiovascular development

Introduction

Cardiovascular anatomy of amphibians

Hemodynamic maturation

Diffusive versus convective oxygen delivery in early amphibian embryos: Do vertebrate embryos need hearts?

A perspective on future research

Developmental plasticity of the amphibian cardiovascular and respiratory systems

14 Reptilian cardiovascular development

Introduction

Structural development of the circulatory system

Extraembryonic vessels

Erythrocyte and hemoglobin function

Cardiovascular responses to hypoxia

Reptilian development and insights into vertebrate embryonic cardiovascular function

15 Avian cardiovascular development

Introduction

Embryogenesis and development of the chick heart

Developmental pattern of cardiovascular variables

Model analysis of cardiovascular shunts and cardiac output in the late embryo

Concluding remarks and perspective

16 Mammalian cardiovascular development: Physiology and functional reserve of the fetal heart

Functional adaptations of fetal ventricles

Adaptations of the fetal coronary tree

Summary and future directions

Part III Environment and disease in cardiovascular development

17 Oxygen, temperature, and pH influences on the development of nonmammalian embryos and larvae

Introduction

Hypoxia

Temperature

Salinity and pH

Conclusion

18 Modeling gas exchange in embryos, larvae, and fetuses

Introduction

Gas exchange models for developing vertebrates

Summary and a perspective

19 Principles of abnormal cardiac development

Introduction

The paradox of the double-outlet right ventricle

Future directions

20 In utero and postnatal interventions for congenital cardiovascular malformations

Introduction

Fetal cardiovascular physiology

Transitional circulation

Myocardial development

Postnatal intervention

In utero interventions

21 Applying the science of cardiovascular development to congenital cardiovascular malformations

Introduction

Cardiac development and the genetic etiology of congenital cardiovascular malformations

Cardiovascular development and surgical therapy

Cardiovascular development and opportunities for prevention of congenital cardiovascular malformations

Epilogue: Future directions in developmental cardiovascular sciences

References

Systematic index

Subject index