Cover

Half-title

Title

Copyright

Dedication

Contents

Translator's Preface

Introduction: Ecosophy T - from intuition to system.

1 Beginning with intuitions

2 Interpretation and precisation in Naess's philosophy

3 Clarification of terms in translation

(a) Milieu/environment

(b) Self-realisation

(c) Derivation

(d) Identification

(e) Intrinsic value

(f) Depth

4 Where do we place deep ecology?

1 The environmental crisis and the deep ecological movement

1 The gravity of the situation

2 Production and consumption: ideology and practice

3 Our ecological knowledge is severely limited; ecopolitical consequences of ignorance

4 The deep ecology movement

5 A platform for the deep ecology movement

6 How the themes of deep ecology are presented in what follows

2 From ecology to ecosophy

1 The terms ecology, ecophilosophy, ecosophy

(a) Ecology

(b) Ecophilosophy and ecosophy

(c) The dangers of 'ecologism': seeing ecology as the ultimate science

2 Normative evaluation

(a) Objective science cannot provide principles for action

(b) Norms and hypotheses; Normative systems

(c) The generalist in us

(d) Conservation biology

3 Objective, subjective, and phenomenological descriptions of nature

4 Primary, secondary, and tertiary qualities: do they exist in nature?

5 Protagorean 'Both-and' theory

(a) The relational field

(b) The world of concrete contents

6 Gestalts and gestalt thinking

7 Emotion, value, and reality

8 From emotion to evaluation

3 Fact and value; basic norms

1 Announce your value priorities forcefully

2 Total systems; norm system models in pyramidal form

3 Ecological system thinking

4 The search for ultimate goals: pleasure, happiness, or perfection?

5 Self-realisation as top norm and key term for an ultimate goal

4 Ecosophy, technology, and lifestyle

1 Ecosophical consciousness and lifestyle

2 Mutual help towards ecosophical lifestyle: The Future in Our Hands'

3 Effects of change of mentality

4 Technology and lifestyle

(a) The non-existence of purely technical advance

(b) The environmental crisis can be technically resolved...'

(c) Soft technology and ecosophy

(d) The invasion of hard technology in the Third World

(e) Ecosophy and technology: a summary

5 Economics within ecosophy

1 The contact with total views

2 The neglect of economics within the deep ecological movement

3 'as seen from a purely economic standpoint ...'

4 An economic policy system fragment

5 Gross National Product (GNP)

6 Arguments for ignoring GNP in the industrialised countries

(a) Historical background for the overevaluation of GNP

(b) GNP is not a measure of welfare: why not?

(c) GNP growth favours hard and distant technologies

(d) GNP growth favours wants, not needs

(e) GNP discriminates against people working at home

(f) GNP growth supports irresponsible and unsolidaric resource consumption and global pollution

(g) The irrelevance of economic growth

(h) Misplaced attempts at salvation of GNP

(i) Employment and growth

7 Basic notions in economic welfare theory

(a) The notion of economic welfare

(b) From welfare theory to normative systems

(c) Welfare to Self-realisation: from W to T

8 Life quality research: deep interviews

9 Shadow-pricing nature

10 Summary

6 Ecopolitics within ecosophy

1 The ecological movement cannot avoid politics

(a) All is politically relevant, but not all is politics

(b) Power analysis is necessary

(c) The politicisation of conservation

2 The three poles of the political triangle - the blue, the red, and the green; the limitations of triangular analysis

3 Checklist of ecopolitical issues and their expansion

4 More comments on the basic ecopolitical areas of pollution, resources, and population

(a) Pollution

(b) Resources

(c) Population

5 Strengthening the local and the global

(a) Self-determination

(b) Self-reliance

(c) The realisation of local communities

6 Direct action; norms of Gandhian nonviolence

7 The rich and the poor countries: from exploitation to mutual aid

8 Critiques of the Limits to Growth approach

9 Are Green political parties desirable?

10 The deep ecological movement and the big political issues

(a) The basic ideological choices

(b) Socialism and ecosophy

11 Bureaucracy

12 The deep ecological movement and the peace movement

13 Green political programmes from day to day

14 Concluding remarks

7 Ecosophy T: unity and diversity of life

1 The universal right to self-unfolding and the correlative intrinsic value of every life form

(a) Ecosophy ties together all life, and all nature

(b) The unfolding of potentialities is a right.'

(c) Life as a vast historical process

(d) The universal right to live and blossom

(e) The uniqueness of humankind must not be underestimated

2 Identification, oneness, wholeness, and Self-realisation

(a) Identification and alienation; ideas of oneness and wholeness

(b) Identification and Self-realisation

(c) That which is not of value to any human being is of no value at all'

(d) Friluftsliv: exuberance in nature

3 Cruelty in nature; the tragedy and the comedy of life

4 An historical perspective I: the Bible

5 An historical perspective II: from Plotinus to Descartes

6 Our self-respect is not solely due to our own significance: the Milky Way also stimulates respect

7 Nonviolence and the philosophy of oneness

8 The systematisation of the logically ultimate norms and hypotheses of Ecosophy T

(a) The idea of models of logical relations

(b) Formulation of the most basic norms and hypotheses

(c) Norms and hypotheses originating in ecology

(d) The meaning of diversity, complexity, and symbiosis in the context of Self-realisation

(e) Derivation of the norms of the local community

(f) Minimum conditions and justice: classes; exploitation

(g) The overview of Ecosophy T in diagram form

9 The future of the deep ecological movement

Bibliography

Index