Chapter
2 Organization of the MHC
2.2.1 The human class I region
2.2.2 The mouse class I region
2.3.1 The human class II region
2.3.2 The mouse class II region
2.4.1 The human class III region
2.4.2 Comparison of the human and mouse class III regions
3 Interactions of cytokines in the regulation of MHC class I and class II antigen expression
3.2 Tissue distribution of MHC antigens
3.3 General considerations in cytokine regulation of MHC expression
33.2 Alpha and beta interferons
3.3.3 Tumour necrosis factors
3.3.7 Colony-stimulating factors
3.3.9 Epidermal growth factor
3.3.10 Hormones and other factors
3.4 Effects of cytokines on MHC subregion expression
3.5 Evidence for cytokine modulation of MHC expression in vivo
3.6 Interactions of mediators in determining MHC expression
3.7 Conclusions: functional consequences of MHC class II modulation
4 Control of MHC class I gene expression
4.2 The regulatory elements of MHC class I genes
4.3 Co-ordinated regulation of the MHC class I and the β-m genes
4.4 Trans-acting factors that bind to the cis elements in vitro
4.5 Factor binding to the MHC class I regulatory elements in vivo
4.6 Cloning of transcription factors that regulate MHC class I gene transcription
4.6.1 IFN regulatory factor (IRF)
4.6.4 RA induction of MHC class I transcription in N-Tera2 EC cells involves heterodimers ofRXR/5-RARp and NF-KB p50-p65
5 Control of MHC class II gene expression
5.2 Role of the MHC class II antigens in the immune response
5.3 Normal tissue-specific and inducible patterns of MHC class II expression
5.4 Aberrant MHC class II expression and disease correlation
5.5 Lack of expression of MHC class II antigens leads to disease
5.6 Transcriptional control of eukaryotic genes
5.7 Molecular regulation of the MHC class II genes: DNA elements and transcription factors
6 Modulation of MHC antigen expression by viruses
6.2 Modulation by viruses of MHC antigen expression is widespread
6.3 Mechanisms involved in modulating MHC antigen expression
6.5 Significance of viral traits
6.6 Evidence of modulation of MHC antigens in infections caused by non-viral pathogens
7 Modulation of MHC antigen expression by retroviruses
7.2 Murine leukaemia viruses
7.2.1. Moloney murine leukaemia virus
7.2.2 Radiation leukaemia virus
7.2.3 AKR/Gross leukaemia virus
7.2.4 Defective endogenous leukaemia viral sequences
7.2.5 Role of leukaemia virus induction of MHC antigens in leukaemogenesis
7.3 Murine sarcoma viruses and viral oncogenes
7.3.1 MHC regulation by ras and mos oncogenes
7.3.2 MHC regulation by the src oncogene
7.3.3 MHC regulation by the abl oncogene
7.3.4 MHC regulation by the fos oncogene
7.4 Human leukaemia and immunodeficiency viruses
7.4.1 Human T cell leukaemia virus
7.4.2 Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
8 Modulation of MHC class I antigen expression in adenovirus infection and transformation
8.2 Molecular pathology of adenoviruses
8.2.1 Adenoviruses and human disease
8.2.2 Structure and assembly of adenoviruses
8.2.3 Expression of the adenovirus genome
8.2.4 Adenovirus transformation and oncogenicity
8.3 MHC class I antigen expression in adenovirus-transformed cells
8.3.1 Which immune effector cell(s) are responsible for rejecting cells transformed by non-oncogenic adenoviruses?
8.3.2 What is the mechanism of down-regulation ofMHC class I expression mediated by Adl2 ElA ?
8.4 MHC class I antigen expression in adenovirus-infected cells
8.4.1 Transcriptional regulation of class I expression in infected cells
8.4.2 Post-translational regulation of class I expression in infected cells
8.5 The effects of cytokines on MHC class I expression and immunomodulation in adenovirus infection and transformation
9 MHC expression in HPV-associated cervical cancer
9.2 HPV expression in keratinocytes
9.3 MHC antigen expression in HPV 16-transfected keratinocytes
9.3.1 MHC class I expression
9.3.2 MHC class II expression
9.3.3 Cell-mediated lysis
10 Inhibition of the cellular response to interferon by hepatitis B virus polymerase
10.2 Viral clearance in acute HBV infection
10.3 Viral persistence in chronic HBV infection
10.4 Interferon treatment in chronic HBV infections
10.5 Non-response to interferon: viral inhibition of the cellular response to interferon
11 Cellular adhesion molecules and MHC antigens in cells infected with Epstein-Barr virus: implications for immune recognition
11.1 Introduction: the CTL response to Epstein-Barr virus
11.2 Alternative EBV - host cell interactions
11.3 Modulation of cellular phenotype by EBV
11.4 BL as a model of escape from EBV-specific immunosurveillance
11.5 HLA class I expression by BL tumour cells
12 Effect of human cytomegalovirus infection on the expression of MHC class I antigens and adhesion molecules: potential role in immune evasion and immunopathology
12.2 Effect of CMV infection on the expression of HLA class I on the surface of the infected cell
12.3 Effect of CMV infection on the cell surface expression of HLA class I on bystander uninfected cells
12.4 Intracellular expression of HLA class I in CMV-infected cells
12.5 Synthesis of HLA class I antigens in CMV-infected cells
12.6 Role of the CMV HLA class I homologue in the down-regulation of cell surface class I following CMV infection
12.7 Effect of CMV infection on the cell surface expression of adhesion molecules
12.8 Effect of CMV infection on leukocyte adhesion
12.9 Recognition of CMV-infected cells by MHC-restricted cytotoxic cells
12.10 Recognition of CMV-infected cells by non-MHC restricted cytotoxic cells
13 Oncogenes and MHC class I expression
13.1 Introduction: immune recognition of tumour cells
13.2 Modulation of MHC class I expression
13.2.1 Regulation of MHC class I expression in adenovirus-transformed cells
13.2.2 Regulation of MHC class I expression in tumour cells
13.3 Regulation of MHC class I expression by myc
13.3.2 MHC class I down-modulation by myc
13.3.3 Locus-specific down-modulation by c-myc
13.3.4 Mechanism of down-regulation by myc
13.4 Biological consequences of myc activation
14 Mechanisms of tumour cell killing and the role of MHC antigens in experimental model systems
14.2 Mechanisms of tumour-cell killing
14.2.1 Natural killer cells
14.2.2 MHC restricted cytotoxicity
14.2.3 Other mechanisms of tumour cell killing
14.3 Tumour immunogenicity
14.4 Restoration of MHC expression and tumorigenicity
14.4.1 MHC class I restoration
14.4.2 Allogeneic MHC class I gene transfection
14.4.3 MHC class II gene transfection
15 Manipulation of MHC antigens by gene transfection and cytokine stimulation: a possible approach for pre-selection of suitable patients for cytokine therapy
15.1.1 MHC antigens and the immune system
15.1.2 MHC class I antigens and tumours
15.1.3 MHC class II antigens and tumours
15.2 MHC antigen expression in tumours and infiltration of T cells into tumours
15.3 Cytolytic activity and phenotypic profile of TILs
15.4 Expression of MHC antigens in tumour cell lines
15.4.1 MHC class I antigens
15.4.2 MHC class II antigens
15.5 Non-MHC-restricted tumour cell killing
16 Overexpression of MHC proteins in pancreatic islets: a link between cytokines, viruses, the breach of tolerance and insulindependent diabetes mellitus?
16.1.1 The aberrant class II expression hypothesis of endocrine autoimmunity
16.1.2 Islet cell MHC expression in IDDM
16.2 Pathology of the islets in IDDM
16.2.1 HLA expression in the diabetic pancreas
16.2.2 Expression of adhesion molecules in the islets
16.3 Induction of MHC expression in pancreatic islets cultured in vitro
16.3.1 Are there tissue-specific, strain-dependent differences in class II inducibility?
16.3.2 Is there defective class I expression in diabetes?
16.4 Viruses in human type 1 diabetes
16.4.1 Epidemiological and serological evidence
16.4.2 Difficulties in detecting viruses in the human islets
16.7 Virus-induced diabetes in rodents
16.8 Mice expressing transgenes in p cells
16.8.1 Expression ofisogeneic or allogeneic MHC products
16.8.2 Expression of cytokines
16.8.3 Mice expressing viral transgene products in the islets
16.8.4 Double and treble pins transgenic mice incorporating second signals
17 The role of cytokines in contributing to MHC antigen expression in rheumatoid arthritis
17.2 HLA class II expression in RA synovium
17.3 Cytokine regulation of HLA class II expression
18 Expression of an MHC antigen in the central nervous system: an animal model for demyelinating diseases
18.2 Genetic susceptibility to MS
18.3 Viral involvement in MS
18.4 Autoimmune aspects of MS
18.5 An animal model for MS
Modulation of MHC Antigen Expression and Disease
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