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Title

Copyright

Contents

Contributors

Foreword

Preface

SETTING THE SCENE

1 Motor development in children at risk: two decades of research in experimental clinical psychology

INTRODUCTION

WHY STUDY MOTOR DEVELOPMENT?

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

REFERENCES

2 Longitudinal studies in motor development: developmental neurological considerations

INTRODUCTION

LONGITUDINAL STUDY- INDIVIDUAL-ORIENTED

LONGITUDINAL STUDY, GROUP-ORIENTED

INDIVIDUAL- AND GROUP-ORIENTED LONGITUDINAL STUDIES

MATURATION AND SYMPTOMATOLOGY

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

REFERENCES

SECTION I: BIOLOGICAL BASIS OF MOTOR DEVELOPMENT

3 Principles of early motor development in the human

INTRODUCTION

THE CENTRAL GENERATORS OF FETAL MOVEMENTS

FUNCTIONAL RELEVANCE OF FETAL MOTOR PATTERNS

LESSONS FROM PATHOLOGY

THE TRANSITION INTO EXTRAUTERINE LIFE

A MAJOR TRANSFORMATION AT 8-12 WEEKS

A HYPOTHETICAL EXPLANATION OF THE IMMATURITY OF THE HUMAN NEWBORN

REFERENCES

4 Natural priorities for developmental study: neuroembryological perspectives of motor development

INTRODUCTION

NEURAL CORRELATES OF SPONTANEOUS MOVEMENT

PRE- TO POSTNATAL DEVELOPMENT OF LOCOMOTOR BEHAVIOUR: AVIAN WING FLAPPING

NEUROPHYSIOLOGICAL BASIS OF EMBRYONIC BEHAVIOUR IN THE CHICK

EPILEPTIFORM DISCHARGES IN THE EMBRYONIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

EFFECT OF SPONTANEOUS BEHAVIOUR ON MUSCLE AND JOINT DEVELOPMENT

MORPHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF REDUCED FETAL BEHAVIOUR IN HUMANS

NATURALLY OCCURRING MOTOR NEURON DEATH

THE CENTRIPETAL HYPOTHESIS OF NEUROBEHAVIOURAL EVOLUTION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

NOTES

REFERENCES

5 The 'fixed action pattern' concept revisited: an ethological commentary on the chapters by Prechtl and Provine

THE MODAL ACTION PATTERN (MAP) AS THE BASIC UNIT IN BEHAVIOURAL ORGANIZATION

THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN MAPS AND REFLEXES

THE ONTOGENY OF MAPS

THE ONTOGENY OF BEHAVIOURAL SEQUENCES

ONTOGENETIC AND PHYLOGENETIC CONSEQUENCES OF THE SPONTANEITY OF MAPS

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

SECTION II: DEVELOPMENT OF BODY POSTURE AND GOAL-DIRECTED REACHING

6 Early postnatal development of posture control: normal and abnormal aspects

INTRODUCTION

POSTURAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE NEONATE: CONTROL OF THE HEAD

POSTURAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE NEWLY SITTING CHILD: CONTROL OF THE TRUNK

POSTURAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE STANDING CHILD: CONTROL OF THE LEGS

ABNORMAL POSTURAL DEVELOPMENT

THE ROLE OF POSTURE CONTROL IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF LOCOMOTION

THE ROLE OF POSTURE CONTROL IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF REACHING

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

7 Studying the development of goal-directed behaviour

THE STUDY OF MOTOR DEVELOPMENT

EARLY DEVELOPMENT OF MANUAL ACTION AS AN EXAMPLE OF DEVELOPING ACTION SYSTEMS

PATHOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

REFERENCES

8 Development of motor functions: a 'developmental neurological' approach

INTRODUCTION

DEFINITIONS AND CONCEPTS

NEONATAL POSTURAL BEHAVIOUR

DEVELOPMENT OF MANUAL ACTION

CONCLUDING REMARKS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

REFERENCES

SECTION III: MOTOR DEVELOPMENT, EARLY COMMUNICATION AND COGNITION

9 Early interactional signalling: the role of facial movements

INTRODUCTION

FUNCTIONS OF FACIAL MOVEMENTS

DEVELOPMENT AND DEVIATIONS OF FACIAL MOVEMENTS

CONCLUDING REMARKS

10 Motor development: communication and cognition

INTRODUCTION

RECENT RESEARCH ON THE PRODUCTION AND COMPREHENSION OF POINTING

EVOLUTIONARY EVIDENCE

DEVELOPMENTAL EVIDENCE

RELATION BETWEEN COMPREHENSION OF GAZE AND COMPREHENSION OF POINTING

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

11 On faces and hands and the development of communication

ON FACES

ON HANDS

IN CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

SECTION IV: ACQUISITION OF SKILLS

12 Individual patterns of tool use by infants

INTRODUCTION

TOOLS AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF TOOLUSING

METHODS

RESULTS

DISCUSSION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

REFERENCES

13 Tool use, hand cooperation and the development of object manipulation in human and non-human primates

INTRODUCTION

COMPARATIVE STUDIES OF OBJECT MANIPULATION: DEVELOPMENTAL ASPECTS AND COMMUNICATIVE CONTEXT

HAND COLLABORATION, COMPLEX ACTIVITIES AND TOOL USE

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

14 Handwriting: a developmental perspective

FROM ARCHAEOLOGY TOWARDS A FLOW CHART OF HANDWRITING

HANDWRITING: A PSYCHOMOTOR PERSPECTIVE

TOWARDS AN INFORMATION PROCESSING ACCOUNT OF HANDWRITING

IMPLICATIONS FOR A DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY OF HANDWRITING

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

REFERENCES

15 Development of children's writing performance: some educational implications

INTRODUCTION

RESEARCH METHODS IN DEVELOPMENTAL STUDIES OF WRITING

ACQUISITION AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE WRITING SKILL

REFERENCES

SECTION V: MOTOR DEVELOPMENT AND HANDICAP

16 Early motor development in term and preterm children

INTRODUCTION

THE ZURICH LONGITUDINAL STUDIES

VARIABILITY AND STABILITY IN NORMAL DEVELOPMENT

EFFECT OF PREMATURITY

IMPACT OF NEUROLOGICAL IMPAIRMENT

SIGNIFICANCE OF PRE-, PERI- AND POSTNATAL FACTORS FOR MOTOR DEVELOPMENT

CONCLUSIONS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

REFERENCES

17 Relationship between perinatal risk factors and motor development at the ages of 5 and 9 years

INTRODUCTION

THE HELSINKI LONGITUDINAL STUDY

OUTCOME AT AGE 5 YEARS

OUTCOME AT AGE 9 YEARS

DISCUSSION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

REFERENCES

18 Motor development and minor handicap

DESCRIPTIVE STUDIES OF CHILDREN WITH COORDINATION DISORDERS

EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF CHILDREN WITH MOVEMENT DISORDERS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

REFERENCES

19 Longitudinal and cross-sectional approaches in experimental studies in motor development

INTRODUCTION

THE STUDY OF NORMAL DEVELOPMENT

THE STUDY OF DEVIANT DEVELOPMENT

WHAT CAN CROSS-SECTIONAL EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES DO?

WHAT CAN LONGITUDINAL EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES DO?

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

SECTION VI: METHODOLOGICAL AND CONCEPTUAL CONSIDERATIONS

20 The longitudinal study of motor development: methodological issues

INTRODUCTION

BASIC RATIONALES FOR LONGITUDINAL RESEARCH

IMPLICATIONS FOR METHODOLOGY

THE ANALYSIS OF INTRAINDIVIDUAL CHANGE OVER TIME

THE ANALYSIS OF INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES OVER TIME

IMPLICATIONS FOR THE LONGITUDINAL STUDIES DESCRIBED IN THIS VOLUME

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

REFERENCES

21 Theoretical issues in the longitudinal study of motor development

INTRODUCTION

THE PRESENT STATE OF AFFAIRS

OLD, NOT-SO-OLD AND NEW ACCOUNTS OF MOTOR DEVELOPMENT

TOWARDS A RESEARCH STRATEGY FOR STUDYING DEVELOPMENTAL TRANSITIONS

CONCLUSIONS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

NOTE

REFERENCES

Epilogue: description versus explanation

Index