Chapter
Sample size, psychometrics, and statistics
Absence of theories of individual differences
3 Quantitative genetics as the basis for a general theory of individual differences
Genetic differences among individuals can lead to phenotypic individual differences
The expected phenotypic similarity among relatives is a function of their genetic similarity to the extent that heredity is important
Environmental differences among individuals can lead to phenotypic individual differences
Quantitative genetic parameters change when genetic and environmental sources of variance change
The environmental component of variance for a particular trait can be decomposed into two subcomponents, one shared by family members, the other not shared
Genes can affect measures of the environment and the relationship between environmental measures and psychological measures
In addition to genetic and environmental "main effects/' phenotypic variance may be due to genotype—environment interaction
Phenotypic variance may also be due to genotype-environment correlation
Correlations among traits can be mediated genetically as well as environmentally
Genes can cause change as well as continuity in development
Quantitative genetics as a progressive theory of individual differences
4 The Colorado Adoption Project
Longitudinal behavioral genetic studies
Design of the Colorado Adoption Project
5 Transitions and changes: description and prediction
Assessing changes in variance
Changes in factor structure
Changes in the strength of factors
Changes in the nature of cognitive factors
Changes in the nature of temperament factors
6 Transitions and changes: genetic and environmental etiologies
Changes in genetic and environmental components of variance
Cross-sectional changes in genetic covariance among measures
Temperament and cognition
Difficult temperament and emotionality
Mental and motor development
Cognitive and communicative development
Expressive and receptive communicative skills
Age-to-age genetic covariance
CAP sibling analysis of age-to-age genetic covariance
7 Introduction to model fitting
Quantitative genetic model
Application to sibling data
Application to parent-offspring data
Environmental transmission
8 Fitting sibling and parent-offspring models in the Colorado Adoption Project
Specific cognitive abilities
Modeling genetic change and continuity
Longitudinal model fitting using the sibling adoption design
Longitudinal model fitting using the parent-offspring adoption design
Results of fitting the longitudinal parent-offspring model to IQ data in CAP
Multivariate model fitting
Multivariate sibling model
Multivariate parent-offspring model
The interactional paradigm
Genotype-environment interaction
CAP analyses in early childhood
Interactions involving parent-offspring resemblance
Interactions involving longitudinal change in IQ
Temperament-environment interactions as they predict IQ and behavioral problems at 4 years
10 Genotype-environment correlation
Three types of genotype-environment correlation
Genotype-environment correlation: components of variance
Passive genotype-environment correlation: variance comparisons
Passive genotype-environment correlation: parent-offspring path models
Reactive and active genotype-environment correlation
Isolating specific genotype-environment correlations
11 Genetics and measures of the family environment: the nature of nurture
Genetic variance and environmental measures
The classical twin design
Genetic covariance in environment-development associations
Twin and sibling adoption designs
CAP environment-offspring data
Parent-offspring adoption design
The nature-nurture interface
Genetic and environmental influences on development generallycoact in an additive manner
Genotype-environment correlation affects cognitive development
Heredity influences measures of the family environment
Associations between environmental measures and development in childhood are often mediated genetically
Longitudinal associations between environmental measures in infancy and development in early childhood are often mediated genetically
Genetic mediation of environment-development associations is not to be found in traditional measures of parental characteristics
Developmental change and continuity during infancy and early childhood
Phenotypic variances are stable during infancy and early childhood
Factor structures change during infancy and early childhood for cognition but not for temperament
Age-to-age stability increases from infancy to early childhood for IQ and for temperament
Descriptive and etiological developmental phenomena often differ
When heritability changes developmentally, it tends to increase
Genetic sources of within-age covariances often change during infancy and early childhood
Genetic continuity can be observed during childhood and from childhood to adulthood
Genes produce change as well as continuity in development
Developmental changes in variances and covariances are gradual,not sharp transitions
Shared environmental influences increase in importance for IQ during infancy and early childhood
Nonshared environmental influences are of primary importance for temperament
Nature and Nurture during Infancy and Early Childhood
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