Chapter
1.3.3 Orbit Lighting Situation Analysis
1.3.3.1 Orbit Lighting Time
1.3.3.2 Orbit Solar Angle
1.4 NS-1 Subsystem Design
1.4.1 The Power Subsystem Design
1.4.1.1 Summary of System Function and Principle Block Diagram
1.4.1.2 Main Technical Parameters of the Power System
1.4.1.3 The Power Supply Reliability Design
1.4.2 Telemetry and Remote Control System (TTC Subsystem)
1.4.2.1 TTC Subsystem Main Technical Indicators
1.4.3 Satellite Onboard Computer System (OBC Subsystem)
1.4.3.1 Main Function of OBC Subsystem
1.4.3.2 OBC System Overall Design
1.4.4 Attitude Control Subsystem (ADCS Subsystem)
1.4.4.1 ADCS Subsystem Main Technique Index and Function
1.4.4.1.1 Main Function of the ADCS Subsystem
1.4.4.2 ADCS Subsystem Main Working Mode
1.4.4.3 Subsystem Designation of ADCS
1.4.5 Structure Subsystem
1.4.5.1 Satellite Coordinate System
1.4.5.2 The Satellite Configuration and Layout
1.4.6.1 RF Subsystem Function and Performance Index
1.4.6.2 Composition of the RF Subsystem
1.4.9 Propulsion Subsystem
1.5 EMC Design and Propulsion Subsystem Safety Design
1.5.1.1 EMC Design Requirements
1.5.2 Promoting Security Subsystem Design
1.6 NS-1’s Technical Characteristics and Parameters of Distribution
1.6.1 The Main Technical Characteristics of Satellites
1.6.2 Satellite Characteristic Parameter Assignment
1.6.2.1 Satellite Mass Distribution and Quality Characteristics
1.6.2.2 Power System Dynamic Simulation
1.6.2.3 Propellant Distribution
1.6.2.4 Satellite Reliability Allocation
1.7 NS-1 Satellite Technology Development Process
2 Multidisciplinary Design Optimization of a Micro/Nano Satellite System
2.1.1 Introduction of Complex Systems Modeling
2.1.1.1 IDEF Series Modeling Methods
2.1.1.2 Architectural Framework Technology (AFT)
2.1.2 Domestic Studies on Satellite System Design and Optimization
2.2 Micro/Nano Satellite MDO
2.2.3 Domestic MDO Research and Applications
2.2.4 Characteristics of MDO for Micro/Nano Satellite
2.3 MDO Algorithm for Micro/Nano Satellites
2.3.1.1 Basic Theory of CO Methodology
2.3.1.2 Basic Framework of CO Methodology
2.3.1.3 Solution of CO Methodology
2.3.2 Disadvantages of CO Methodology
2.3.3 Improvement of CO Methodology
2.3.3.1 Reformulate Optimization
2.3.3.2 Application of a Modern Optimization Algorithm
2.4 Research of the Micro/Nano Satellite MDO Framework
2.4.1 The Ideal Development Environment of MDO
2.4.2 The Framework of MDO
2.5 The MDO Platform for Micro/Nano Satellites
2.5.1 The Basic Framework of SDIDE v1.0
2.5.2 Improvement of SDIDE
2.5.3 Features and Function of SDIDE 2.0 System
2.5.4 Integration of CAD/CAE and Further Development
3 Attitude Determination and Control System of the Micro/Nano Satellite
3.1 Space Environment of the Micro/Nano Satellite
3.1.1 Gravity Environment
3.1.2 Atmosphere Environment
3.1.3 Electromagnetic Environment
3.2 Attitude Dynamics of the Micro/Nano Satellite
3.2.2 Representation of Attitude
3.3 Micro/Nano Satellite Attitude Control System
3.3.1 Task Analysis of the NS-2 Satellite’s ADCS Subsystem
3.3.2 Technical Specifications of the NS-2 Satellite’s ADCS Subsystem
3.3.3 Attitude Determination and Control System Design
3.3.3.1 Functional Modules
3.4 Software Design of the Attitude Determination Module and Attitude Control Module
3.4.1 Software Design of the Attitude Determination Module
3.4.1.3 MM Attitude Filter
3.4.1.4 MM+SS Attitude Filter
3.4.1.5 ST Attitude Filter
3.4.2 Attitude Control Module
3.4.2.1 Magnetorquer Control Module
3.4.2.2 Control Module of the Momentum Wheel
3.5 NS-2 Nano Satellite ADCS Subsystem Simulation
3.5.6 Simulation Conclusions
4 Micro/Nano Satellite Integrated Electronic System
4.1.1 Integrated Electronic Design Ideas
4.2 Integrated Electronic System Micro/Nano Satellites
4.2.1 High Level of Integration
4.2.2 High Processing Performance
4.2.5 Relatively High Degree of Reliability
4.3 Micro/Nano Electronic Satellite Integrated Electronic System Architecture
4.4 Technical Specifications
4.5 Select Computer Architecture
4.6 The On-Board Computer Design
4.6.1 The Subsystem Block Diagram of an On-Board Computer
4.6.2 The Bus Architecture
4.6.2.1 The Unbuffered Local Bus (USA, USD, UnOE, UnWE, URD_nWR)
4.6.2.2 The Buffered Bus (SA, SD, nOE, nWE, RD_nWR)
4.6.2.3 The CPU Clock and Reset Circuit Design
4.6.3 The Memory System Design
4.6.3.2 TMR Program Memory
4.6.4 The Communication Controller
4.6.6 The Power Supply Unit
4.7 The Operating Principle of Telemetry and Telecontrol
4.7.1 System Function and Workflow
4.7.1.2 The Indirect Mode
4.7.2 The Operating Principle of the Telecontrol Unit
4.7.2.1 Decoder01 and Decoder02
4.7.3 Working Principle of Telemetry Units
4.7.3.1 Measurement of Analogue Data
4.7.3.2 Measurement of Digital and Telecontrol Instruction Recovery
4.7.4 FPGA Module Configuration
4.7.5 Voltage Conversion Module
4.8 OBC Software Requirements Analysis
4.8.1 Requirement Specification
4.8.2 Uplink Telecontrol and Program Data Upload
4.8.2.1 GPS Time/Orbit Data Frame
4.8.2.3 GPS Program Upload
4.8.2.4 GPS Receiver Data Input
4.8.2.5 Attitude Control System Data Input
4.8.2.6 Program Control Instruction
4.8.2.7 Indirect Telecontrol Instruction
4.8.2.8 Request Packet Downlink
4.8.2.9 Data Flow Diagram
4.9 Software System Design
4.9.2 OBC Power-On Boot Process
4.9.6 Mission Description
5 Ground Tests of Micro/Nano Satellites
5.1.2 Testing in Environment Experiments
5.1.2.1 Mechanical Environmental Testing
5.1.2.2 Thermal Cycle Testing and Thermal Vacuum Testing
5.1.3 Testing in the Technical Area of Space Launch Sites
5.1.4 Testing in Launch Zone of Space Launch Sites
5.2 Satellite Test System
5.2.1 Design Requirements of the Testing System
5.2.2 The Composition of the Satellite Test System
5.2.3 Loop Selection for a Ground Electrical Performance Test
5.2.3.1 TM/TC Testing Loop
5.2.3.2 Uplink Channel Composition
5.2.3.3 Downlink Channel Composition
5.2.3.4 Measurement and Control Terminal and Network Subsystem (Fig. 5.11)
5.3 Ground Testing Scheme
5.3.1 Ground Integrated Test Procedure
5.3.1.1 Acceptance Test of the Subsystem
5.3.1.2 Matching Test for the Subsystem and EGSE (Fig. 5.14)
5.3.1.3 Minimum System Test (Fig. 5.15)
5.3.1.4 System-Level Test of a Satellite
5.3.2 Comprehensive Test of Ground Electrical Performance
5.3.2.1 Content of Comprehensive Testing of Electrical Properties
5.3.2.2 Main Test Content
6 Advanced Space Optical Attitude Sensor
6.1 Introduction to the Advanced Space Optical Attitude Sensor
6.1.1 Introduction to the Sun Sensor and Star Sensor
6.1.2 Spacecraft Attitude Sensor Overview
6.1.2.2 Infrared Horizon Sensor
6.1.2.5 Inertial Sensor (Gyro)
6.1.3 Sun Sensor Overview
6.1.3.1 Principles of the Sun Sensor
6.1.3.2 Development Trends and Major Problems of Sun Sensors
6.1.3.3 Research Significance
6.1.4 Star Sensor Overview
6.1.4.2 Principle of Measurement
6.1.4.3 Components of the Star Sensor
6.1.4.4 Development Status of CCD Star Sensor at Home and Abroad
6.1.4.5 Status of APS CMOS Star Sensor at Home and Abroad
6.2 Technical Research of the APS Micro Sun Sensor
6.2.2.2 Functional Components
6.2.3 Optical System Design
6.2.4 Selection of APS Imaging Sensor
6.2.5 Calculation of Exposure Time
6.2.6.1 High-Accuracy Sun Spot Determination Based on Image Correlation Algorithm
6.2.6.2 Optimization of the Centroiding Algorithm
6.3 Technical Research of the APS Micro Star Sensor
6.3.2 Development Trend of APS Technology
6.3.3.1 Determination of FOV and Focal Distance
6.3.3.2 Magnitude Determination of Navstar
6.3.3.3 Initial Capture Time and Updating Rate
6.3.3.4 General Technical Indexes and Implementation Framework
6.3.3.6 Effect of Temperature on Optical System
6.3.3.8 Star Identification Software
6.3.3.9 High-Accuracy Triaxial Attitude Determination Method
6.3.4 APS CMOS Micro Star Sensor System Software
6.3.4.1 General Workflow of a Circuit
6.3.5 APS CMOS Micro Star Sensor Prototype
7 Miniature Inertial Measurement Unit
7.1 History and Development of IMU
7.1.1 Traditional Inertial Devices and Their Development
7.1.2 Development of MIMU
7.1.3 Development of Optimal Estimation Theory and Its Application in MIMU
7.2 System Integration of MIMU and Attitude Determination Algorithms
7.2.2 Measurement Principles of an MIMU
7.2.2.1 Establishment of the Coordinate System
7.2.2.2 Measurement Principles
7.2.3 Error Analyses for the MIMU Model
7.2.3.1 Inertial Sensor Error
7.2.3.2 MIMU Error Analysis
7.3 Research on Integrated Calibration of MIMU
7.3.1 Error Models of Inertial Devices
7.3.1.1 Research Error Model
7.3.2 Calibration of MIMU Error Coefficient
7.3.2.2 Multiposition Experiment
7.3.2.3 Calibration of the Accelerometer’s Static Error Coefficient
7.3.2.4 Rate Experiment and the Iterative Calculation of Multiposition Experimental Data
7.4 MIMU Integrated Navigation Technology
7.4.1 Research of Filter Algorithm
7.4.1.2 Unscented Kalman Filter
7.4.2 Combination of MIMU and Magnetometer
7.4.2.1 Geomagnetic Field Model
7.4.2.2 Measurement Principles of the Magnetometer
7.4.2.3 Integration Structures
7.4.2.4 Algorithm Model of Attitude Determination Combination
7.4.3 Integration of MIMU and GPS
7.4.3.1 The Meaning of MIMU/GPS Integration
7.4.3.2 The Advantage of MIMU/GPS Integration
7.4.3.3 Basic Principle of GPS
7.4.3.4 The Composite Mode of MIMU and GPS
7.4.4 Integration of MIMU, GPS, and Magnetometer
7.4.5 Simulation of Integrated Navigation Based on MIMU
7.4.5.1 Centralized MIMU/GPS Integration
7.4.5.2 Federated MIMU/GPS Integrated System
7.5 MIMU Module Flight Test
7.5.2 MIMU Combination and Installation
7.5.3 Engineering Implementation
7.5.3.1 Signal Processing Circuit Calibration
7.5.3.2 Overall Calibration of MIMU System
7.5.3.3 Calibration Verification Measurement
7.5.3.4 Space Environment Test
8.1.1 The Necessity for the Study of Micropropulsion
8.1.2 Overview of Micropropulsion
8.1.2.2 Pulsed Plasma Thruster (PPT)
8.1.2.3 Field Emission Electric Propulsion (FEEP)
8.1.2.6.1 Electrothermal MEMS Electrical Propulsion
8.1.2.6.2 Electrostatic MEMS Electrical Thruster
8.1.2.6.3 MEMS Chemical Thrusters
8.1.3 Comparison of Different Micropropulsion Systems
8.2 Design and Simulation of MEMS-Based Solid Propellant Propulsion
8.2.1 Structure and Principles
8.2.2 Structure Mechanics and Heat Transfer Simulation for Combustion Chambers
8.2.3 Process Flow and Results
8.3 Performance Modeling and Analysis
8.3.1 Modeling and Heat Transfer Analysis of the Pt Resistor Igniter
8.3.2 Interior Ballistic Lumped Parameter Model and Simulation
8.3.2.1 Mass Conservation Equation
8.3.2.1.1 Incoming gas flow
8.3.2.1.2 Out going gas flow
8.3.2.2 Energy Conservation Equation
8.3.2.3 The Ideal Gas State Equation
8.3.2.4 Calculation of Thrust and Impulse
8.3.2.5 Determination of Pe and Me
8.4 Test of Micropropulsion
8.4.1 Summary of Micropropulsion Measurement
8.4.2 Measurement System Based on Laser Interference and Rigid Pendulum Principle
8.4.3 Microimpulse Test and Data Analysis of the MEMS-Based Solid Propellant Propulsion
9 Magnetometer Technology
9.1.1 Concept, Function, and Application of Magnetometers
9.1.2 Principle and Classification of Magnetometers
9.2 Geomagnetic Field Model
9.3 The Application of a Micromagnetometer in Nanosat
9.4.1 The Principles and Realization of AMR Magnetometers
9.4.2 Calibration of the System Main Parameters
9.5 The Principles of Orbit and Altitude Determination Using a Magnetometer
9.5.1 Orbit Determination Using a Magnetometer
9.5.2 Attitude Determination Using a Magnetometer
10.1.1 Background and Significance of MEMS Relay Technology
10.1.2 Research Survey of MEMS Relay Technology at Home and Abroad
10.1.3 Overview of a Different Driving Method for MEMS Relay
10.1.3.1 Electrostatic MEMS Relay
10.1.3.2 Electromagnetic MEMS Relay
10.1.3.2.1 Thermodynamic Driving MEMS Relay
10.1.3.2.2 Liquid MEMS Relay
10.1.3.2.3 Hybrid Driving Mode MEMS Relay
10.2 Design of MEMS Relay
10.2.1 Materials for MEMS Electromagnetic Relays
10.2.1.1 Soft Magnetic Thin-Film Materials
10.2.1.1.1 Manufacture of Ni–Fe Alloy Film Sample
10.2.1.1.2 Condition Parameter Control and Operation Essentials of Microelectroforming
10.2.1.1.3 Stress of the Microelectroforming Film and Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
10.2.1.2 Permanent Magnetic Film Material
10.2.2.1 Electrostatic Drive Cantilever
10.2.2.2 Electromagnetic Drive Structure
10.2.3.1 Contact Material Selection
10.2.3.2 Contact Electrode Design
10.3 Dynamics Modeling and Simulation Analysis for MEMS Relay
10.3.1 Electrostatically Actuated MEMS Relay
10.3.1.1 Driving Voltage of Electrostatic Relay
10.3.1.2 Elasticity of the Double-Ended Fixed Beam
10.3.1.2.1 Coefficient of Elasticity kc
10.3.1.2.2 Coefficient of Elasticity kσ
10.3.1.3.1 Parameter Selection
10.3.1.3.2 Parameter Testing
10.3.1.3.3 Structural Modeling
10.3.2 Electromagnetic Actuated MEMS Relay
10.3.2.1 Dynamic Modeling and Analysis
10.3.2.2 Analysis of Air Damping
10.3.2.3 The Effect of a Permanent Magnetic Field and Torsional Stiffness of the Movable Electrode Beam on Switching Time
10.3.2.5 Transient Analysis
10.4 Processing Technology for MEMS Relay
10.4.1 Process of Electrostatic-Driven Relay
10.4.2 Process of Electromagnetic-Driven Relay
10.4.2.1.1 Processing of the Coil
10.4.2.1.2 Soft Magnetic Materials Processing
10.4.2.2 Micromachining Process
10.4.2.3 The Layout Design
10.5 Test Techniques for MEMS Relay
10.5.1 Test Target and Equipment
10.5.2 Test Circuit and Parameters
Space Microsystems and Micro/Nano Satellites
( Micro and Nano Technologies )
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