Chapter
2.3.1 Nuclear binding energy and the mass defect
2.3.2 The liquid drop model for the nucleus
2.3.3 The nuclear shell model
2.3.4 Chart of the nuclides
2.4.6 The energy of decay
2.4.7 The equations of radioactive decay
2.5 NUCLEOSYNTHESIS AND ELEMENT ABUNDANCES IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM
2.5.1 Stellar nucleosynthesis
2.5.2 Making elements heavier than iron: s-, r-, p-process nucleosynthesis
2.5.3 Element abundances in the solar system
2.6 ORIGIN OF RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES
2.6.1 Stellar contributions of naturally occurring radioactive isotopes
2.6.3 Cosmogenic nuclides
2.6.4 Nucleogenic isotopes
2.6.5 Man-made radioactive isotopes
Chapter 3 Analytical methods
3.3 EXTRACTION OF THE ELEMENT TO BE ANALYZED
3.4 ISOTOPE DILUTION ELEMENTAL QUANTIFICATION
3.5 ION EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY
3.6.2 Extraction and focusing of ions
Chapter 4 Interpretational approaches: making sense of data
4.2 TERMINOLOGY AND BASICS
4.2.1 Accuracy, precision, and trueness
4.2.2 Random versus systematic, uncertainties versus errors
4.2.3 Probability density functions
4.2.4 Univariate (one-variable) distributions
4.2.5 Multivariate normal distributions
4.3 ESTIMATING A MEAN AND ITS UNCERTAINTY
4.3.1 Average values: the sample mean, sample variance, and sample standard deviation
4.3.2 Average values: the standard error of the mean
4.3.3 Application: accurate standard errors for mass spectrometry
4.3.4 Correlation, covariance, and the covariance matrix
4.3.5 Degrees of freedom, part 1: the variance
4.3.6 Degrees of freedom, part 2: Student´s t distribution
4.4.1 Ordinary least-squares linear regression
4.4.2 Weighted least-squares regression
4.4.3 Linear regression with uncertainties in two or more variables (York regression)
4.5 INTERPRETING MEASURED DATA USING THE MEAN SQUARE WEIGHTED DEVIATION
4.5.1 Testing a weighted mean´s assumptions using its MSWD
4.5.2 Testing a linear regression´s assumptions using its MSWD
4.5.3 My data set has a high MSWD—what now?
4.5.4 My data set has a really low MSWD—what now?
4.7 Bibliography and Suggested Readings
Chapter 5 Diffusion and thermochronologic interpretations
5.1 FUNDAMENTALS OF HEAT AND CHEMICAL DIFFUSION
5.1.1 Thermochronologic context
5.1.2 Heat and chemical diffusion equation
5.1.3 Temperature dependence of diffusion
5.1.4 Some analytical solutions
5.1.5 Anisotropic diffusion
5.1.6 Initial infinite concentration (spike)
5.1.7 Characteristic length and time scales
5.1.8 Semi-infinite media
5.1.9 Plane sheet, cylinder, and sphere
5.3 ANALYTICAL METHODS FOR MEASURING DIFFUSION
5.3.1 Step-heating fractional loss experiments
5.3.2 Multidomain diffusion
5.3.3 Profile characterization
5.4 INTERPRETING THERMAL HISTORIES FROM THERMOCHRONOLOGIC DATA
5.4.1 ``End-members´´ of thermochronometric date interpretations
5.4.3 Partial retention zone
5.5 FROM THERMAL TO GEOLOGIC HISTORIES IN LOW-TEMPERATURE THERMOCHRONOLOGY: DIFFUSION AND ADVECTION OF HEAT IN THE EARTH'S ...
5.5.1 Simple solutions for one- and two-dimensional crustal thermal fields
5.5.2 Erosional exhumation
5.5.3 Interpreting spatial patterns of erosion rates
5.5.4 Interpreting temporal patterns of erosion rates
5.5.5 Interpreting paleotopography
5.6 DETRITAL THERMOCHRONOLOGY APPROACHES FOR UNDERSTANDING LANDSCAPE EVOLUTION AND TECTONICS
Chapter 6 Rb–Sr, Sm–Nd, and Lu–Hf
6.3 THEORY, FUNDAMENTALS, AND SYSTEMATICS
6.3.1 Decay modes and isotopic abundances
6.3.3 Data representation
6.4.1 Distinguishing mixing lines from isochrons
6.5 DIVERSE CHRONOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS
6.5.1 Dating diagenetic minerals in clay-rich sediments
6.5.2 Direct dating of ore minerals
6.5.3 Dating of mineral growth in magma chambers
6.5.4 Garnet Sm–Nd and Lu–Hf dating
6.6.1 Model ages for volatile depletion
6.6.2 Model ages for multistage source evolution
6.7 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS
Chapter 7 Re–Os and Pt–Os
7.2 RADIOACTIVE SYSTEMATICS AND BASIC EQUATIONS
7.3 GEOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND ABUNDANCE IN NATURAL MATERIALS
7.4 ANALYTICAL CHALLENGES
7.5 GEOCHRONOLOGIC APPLICATIONS
7.5.3 Other sulfides, ores, and diamonds
7.5.4 Organic-rich sediments
7.5.7 Dating melt extraction from the mantle—Re–Os model ages
Chapter 8 U–Th–Pb geochronology and thermochronology
8.1 INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND
8.1.1 Decay of U and Th to Pb
8.1.4 Isotopic composition of U
8.2 CHEMISTRY OF U, Th, AND Pb
8.3 DATA VISUALIZATION, ISOCHRONS, AND CONCORDIA PLOTS
8.4 CAUSES OF DISCORDANCE IN THE U–Th–Pb SYSTEM
8.4.1 Mixing of different age domains
8.4.3 Intermediate daughter product disequilibrium
8.4.4 Correction for initial Pb
8.5 ANALYTICAL APPROACHES TO U–Th–Pb GEOCHRONOLOGY
8.5.1 Thermal ionization mass spectrometry
8.5.2 Secondary ion mass spectrometry
8.5.3 Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
8.5.4 Elemental U–Th–Pb geochronology by EMP
8.6 APPLICATIONS AND APPROACHES
8.6.1 The age of meteorites and of Earth
8.6.3 P–T–t paths of metamorphic belts
8.6.4 Rates of crustal magmatism from U–Pb geochronology
8.6.5 U–Pb geochronology and the stratigraphic record
8.6.6 Detrital zircon geochronology
8.6.7 U–Pb thermochronology
8.6.8 Carbonate geochronology by the U–Pb method
8.6.9 U–Pb geochronology of baddeleyite and paleogeographic reconstructions
Chapter 9 The K–Ar and 40Ar/39Ar systems
9.1 INTRODUCTION AND FUNDAMENTALS
9.2 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
9.4.2 Collateral effects of neutron irradiation
9.4.3 Appropriate materials
9.5 EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHES AND GEOCHRONOLOGIC APPLICATIONS
9.5.1 Single crystal fusion
9.5.2 Intragrain age gradients
9.5.3 Incremental heating
9.6 CALIBRATION AND ACCURACY
9.6.1 40K decay constants
9.6.3 So which is the best calibration?
9.6.4 Interlaboratory issues
9.7.1 Remaining challenges
Chapter 10 Radiation-damage methods of geochronology and thermochronology
10.2 THERMAL AND OPTICALLY STIMULATED LUMINESCENCE
10.2.1 Theory, fundamentals, and systematics
10.2.3 Fundamental assumptions and considerations for interpretations
10.3 ELECTRON SPIN RESONANCE
10.3.1 Theory, fundamentals, and systematics
10.3.3 Fundamental assumptions and considerations for interpretations
10.4 ALPHA DECAY, ALPHA-PARTICLE HALOES, AND ALPHA-RECOIL TRACKS
10.4.1 Theory, fundamentals, and systematics
10.5.2 Theory, fundamentals, and systematics
10.5.4 Fission-track age equations
10.5.5 Fission-track annealing
10.5.6 Track-length analysis
Chapter 11 The (U–Th)/He system
11.3 THEORY, FUNDAMENTALS, AND SYSTEMATICS
11.4.1 ``Conventional´´ analyses
11.4.2 Other analytical approaches
11.4.3 Uncertainty and reproducibility in (U–Th)/He dating
11.5.5 A compilation of He diffusion kinetics
11.6 4He/3He THERMOCHRONOMETRY
11.6.1 Method requirements and assumptions
11.7 APPLICATIONS AND CASE STUDIES
11.7.1 Tectonic exhumation of normal fault footwalls
11.7.3 Orogen-scale trends in thermochronologic dates
11.7.4 Detrital double-dating and sediment provenance
11.7.5 Volcanic double-dating, precise eruption dates, and magmatic residence times
11.7.6 Radiation-damage-and-annealing model applied to apatite
Chapter 12 Uranium-series geochronology
12.2 THEORY AND FUNDAMENTALS
12.2.1 The mathematics of decay chains
12.2.2 Mechanisms of producing disequilibrium
12.3 METHODS AND ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES
12.3.1 Analytical techniques
12.4.1 U-series dating of carbonates
12.4.2 U-series dating in silicate rocks
Chapter 13 Cosmogenic nuclides
13.3 THEORY, FUNDAMENTALS, AND SYSTEMATICS
13.3.2 Distribution of cosmic rays on Earth
13.3.3 What makes a cosmogenic nuclide detectable and useful?
13.3.4 Types of cosmic-ray reactions
13.3.5 Cosmic-ray attenuation
13.3.6 Calibrating cosmogenic nuclide-production rates in rocks
13.4.1 Types of cosmogenic nuclide applications
13.4.2 Extraterrestrial cosmogenic nuclides
13.4.3 Meteoric cosmogenic nuclides
Chapter 14 Extinct radionuclide chronology
14.3 SYSTEMATICS AND APPLICATIONS
14.3.2 53Mn–53Cr chronometry
Geochronology and Thermochronology
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