Chapter
Geoheritage: A Multidisciplinary and Applied Research Topic
Twenty-Five Years of Development
1 Geodiversity: The Backbone of Geoheritage and Geoconservation
1.2 Geodiversity as the Backbone of Geoheritage
1.3 Geodiversity as the Backbone of Valuing Abiotic Nature
1.4 Geodiversity as a Backbone of Geoconservation
1.4.1 International Geoconservation Site Networks
1.4.2 National Geoheritage Site Selection
1.5.1 Araripe Global Geopark, Brazil
1.5.2 The Washington Monument, Washington, DC, USA
1.5.3 Marine Geodiversity and Geoheritage, Scotland
1.5.4 Geoconservation in Antarctica
1.5.5 Geodiversity of Construction Materials
2 Methods for Assessing Geodiversity
2.2 Geodiversity Assessment and Mapping
2.2.1 Geodiversity Assessment
2.2.2 Criteria Used for the Assessment
2.2.3 Geodiversity Mapping
2.3 Typologies of Methods for the Assessment of Geodiversity
2.3.1 Direct and Indirect Methods
2.3.2 Qualitative Methods
2.3.3 Quantitative Methods
2.3.4 Qualitative–Quantitative Methods
2.3.5 Case Study: Dębnica Catchment
3 Geodiversity Action Plans – A Method to Facilitate, Structure, Inform and Record Action for Geodiversity
3.2 Geodiversity Actions Plans
3.3 What Makes a Successful GAP?
3.5.1 Case Study 1 – Local Geodiversity Action Plan Production and Reflection
3.5.2 Case Study 2 – London Geodiversity Action Plan: An Urban GAP
3.5.3 Case Study 3 – Company Geodiversity Action Plans (cGAPs)
3.5.4 Case Study 4 – UK Geodiversity Action Plan (UKGAP)
4 Geoheritage: inventories and evaluation
4.1 What Makes an Element of Geodiversity Exceptional?
4.2 How Should the High Value of Geodiversity Elements Be Identified and Characterised?
4.3 Why and How Should Geoheritage Be Assessed?
5 The Specificities of Geomorphological Heritage
5.2 Geomorphological Heritage and Geomorphosites: Definitions
5.3 Geomorphosites: Peculiar Characteristics
5.4 Heritage Geomorphology: A New Branch of the Geomorphological Sciences?
6 Fossils, Heritage and Conservation: Managing Demands on a Precious Resource
6.1.1 Fossils in Folklore and Culture
6.1.2 Fossils and Science
6.1.3 The Rise of the ‘Rock Hound’ – and Fossils Become a Commodity
6.1.4 The Rise of the ‘Conservation Manager’
6.2 Why Conserve Fossils?
6.3 Managing Sites of Palaeontological Importance
6.3.1 The Nature of the Geological Resource
6.3.2 The Nature of the Scientific Resource
6.3.3 Threats to the Resource and Management Solutions
6.4 Legal Approaches to Conserving Palaeontological Heritage, i.e., Protected Sites Versus Protected Heritage
6.4.2 International Initiatives
7 Geoheritage and Museums
7.2 Geological Collections: What Is Specific About Them?
7.3 Collections, Research and Expertise
7.3.1 Importance of Collections for Research
7.3.2 Information and Collections
7.3.3 New Technologies and Old Objects
7.4 Which Value for Collections?
7.5 Collections and Museums
7.6.2 Protection of Ex Situ Geoheritage
7.6.3 Three Examples: France, South Africa and Turkey
8 The Landscape and the Cultural Value of Geoheritage
8.2 The Landscape Value of Geoheritage
8.2.2 Landscape and Geoheritage
8.2.3 The Question of the Aesthetics
8.3 The Cultural Value of Geoheritage
8.3.2 Geoheritage and Culture
8.3.2.1 Influence of geology on cultural assets
8.3.2.2 Influence of culture on the perception of geoheritage
8.3.2.3 Geocultural heritage
9 Geomining Heritage as a Tool to Promote the Social Development of Rural Communities
9.2 Rehabilitated Mines as a New Resource: Sustainability, Education and Geotourism
9.3 Impacts of the Use of Geomining Heritage: An Opportunity for Development
10 GSSPs as International Geostandards and as Global Geoheritage
10.2 ICS and the International Chronostratigraphic Chart
10.3 Preservation and Maintenance of GSSPs
10.4 GSSPs at Zumaia, Basque Coast UNESCO Global Geopark
10.4.1 Geological Context and Description
10.4.2 Protected GSSPs in the Basque Coast UNESCO Global Geopark: Supporting Scientific Research and Promoting Geoconservat...
IV. Geoheritage and Conservation
11 The Conservation of Geosites: Principles and Practice
11.2 Why Conserve Geosites?
11.3 Principles of Geosite Conservation
11.4 Conservation Frameworks
11.4.1 Generic Geosite Conservation Framework
11.4.1.1 Geosite audit and selection
11.4.1.2 Conservation needs analysis
11.4.1.3 Conservation planning and delivery
11.4.2 Application of Conservation Frameworks
11.4.2.1 The Site Type conservation framework applied in Great Britain
11.4.2.2 Risk of Degradation conservation framework applied in La Rioja, northern Spain
11.5 Conservation and Management in Practice
11.5.1 Conservation of a Geosite on the Coast: Lyme Regis to Charmouth Coastline, Jurassic Coast World Heritage Site, Dorse...
11.5.2 Conservation of a Geosite in Operating and Disused Quarries: Whittlesey Brick Pits and Kings Dyke Nature Reserve, Pe...
11.5.3 Conservation of Inland Geosites Containing Sensitive and Fragile Fossils: La Rioja, Northern Spain
11.5.4 Conservation of an Inland Integrity Geosite: La Risca Gorge, Segovia, Central Spain
11.6 Conclusions and Future Challenges
12 Geoheritage Conservation and Environmental Policies: Retrospect and Prospect
12.2 Trends in the Development of Geoconservation
12.2.1 Geoconservation Origins and Early Steps
12.2.2 Establishing Statutory Protection: Landscapes
12.2.3 Establishing Statutory Protection: Sites
12.2.4 Moving Towards Integration: Linking Nature and People
12.3 Geoconservation: Assessment of Progress
12.4 Future Directions in Geoconservation
12.4.1 Mainstreaming Geoconservation Into Civil Society
12.4.2 Improving the Scientific Basis for Geoheritage Conservation
12.4.3 Mainstreaming Geoheritage Conservation Into Nature Conservation, the Ecosystem Approach and Sustainable Development
12.4.4 Integrating Geoheritage Conservation in Protected Area Planning and Management
13 Geoheritage and World Heritage Sites
13.2 World Heritage – Concept and Implementation
13.3 Geoheritage on the World Heritage List
13.3.1 Criteria of Inscription – Scope for Protection of Geoheritage
13.3.3 Earth Science Themes
13.4.1 Palaeontological Site – Messel Pit
13.4.2 Structural Geology Site – Tectonic Arena of Sardona
13.4.3 Dynamic Earth Site – Yellowstone
13.4.4 Geomorphological Site – South China Karst
13.4.5 Evidence of Climate Change – Kvarken and High Coast
14 Geoheritage and Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
14.1 Geoheritage as a Resource and Support of Services and Activities
14.2 An Analysis of the Main Impacts on Geoheritage
14.3 Environmental Impact Assessment
14.4 The Integration of Geoheritage in the EIA Procedures
15 Geoheritage: Getting the Message Across. What Message and to Whom?
Who Are We Trying to Communicate With?
What Do ‘Normal’ People Know? What Do They Want to Know? What Do We Want to Tell Them?
Starting Talking About Geoheritage Where People Are…
Producing an Interpretation Strategy
‘Themes’ – Do You Hum Them?
‘Dumbing Down’, But Maintaining Scientific Integrity
‘Did You Know?’ – Is That Interactive?
Getting the Geoconservation Message Across – Keeping the Geoheritage Safe
Keeping Normal People Safe
Keeping the Interpretation Safe
‘Don’t Go With Stranglers’
Have You Been Wasting Your Time? EXTERMINATE, EXTERMINATE, EXTERMINATE
Reconstructions or One Picture Is Worth a Thousand Words
Guided Walks? They Are so Expensive!
Visitor Centres and Museums
Time Lines, Geological Gardens, Rocky Maps and Walls and Stratigraphic Sections
Land Art – and Ecovandalism?
New, and Not so New, Media
16 Digital Geovisualisation Technologies Applied to Geoheritage Management
16.2 The Visualisation of Geoheritage: Strengths and Weaknesses
16.3 Visualisation for Risk Assessment and Site Monitoring
16.3.1 High-Resolution Imaging in Yosemite National Park
16.3.2 3D Models of the Valley of Geysers in Kamchatka
16.4 Visualisation for Geotourism and Geointerpretation
16.4.1 3D Model for Prehistoric Cave Replicas
16.4.2 The Collection of Mobile Applications GeoGuide
16.5 Development Perspectives in Digital Geoheritage Visualisation
16.5.1 Open Data and Crowdsourcing
16.5.2 The Question of Interactivity
16.5.3 Digital Technologies and Geovisualisation
16.5.4 The ‘Sense of Place’ of Virtual Geoheritage
16.6 Conclusion: New Frontiers for Geovisualisation
17 Geoheritage and Geotourism
17.2 Relationships Between Geoheritage and Geotourism
17.3 Examples of Relationships Between Geotourism and Geoheritage
17.3.1 Geotourism and Geoparks as Illustrated via Hong Kong Geoheritage
17.3.2 Tourism Where Soils and Regolith Are Geoheritage
17.3.3 Tourism Where Fossils Are Geoheritage
17.3.4 Tourism Where Volcanic Rocks and Landforms Are Geoheritage
17.3.5 Tourism in Large Areas or Landscapes That Are Considered as Geoheritage
17.4 The Critical Relationship Between Geoheritage and Geotourism
18 Geoheritage and Geoparks
18.1 Geoparks: The Dawn of an Innovative Concept
18.2 Geoheritage in UNESCO Global Geoparks
18.3 Management of Geoheritage in Geoparks
18.3.1 Characterisation of Geoheritage in Geoparks
18.3.2 Conservation of Geoheritage in Geoparks
18.3.3 Education and Interpretation of Geoheritage in Geoparks
19 Potential Geoheritage Sites in Ethiopia: Challenges of Their Promotion and Conservation
19.2 Geological and Geomorphological Setting
19.3 Geoheritage Sites in Ethiopia
19.4 Geoheritage Promotion and Conservation Challenges
20 Geodiversity and Geoconservation in Land Management in Tasmania – A Top-Down Approach
20.3 Geoconservation on Reserved Land
20.4 Geoconservation in Tasmanian Forestry
20.4.1 Development of Awareness of Geoconservation
20.4.2 Care of Geodiversity in Forests Today
20.5 The Tasmanian Geoconservation Database
20.6 Conclusions and Outlook
21 Geoheritage Evaluation of Caves in Korea: A Case Study of Limestone Caves
21.2 Natural Caves in South Korea
21.3 Legal Protection of Natural Caves in Korea
21.4 Establishment of the Evaluation Criteria
21.5 Evaluation Procedure and Results
21.6 Final Considerations
22 Managing Conservation, Research, and Interpretation of Geoheritage Assets at Florissant Fossil Beds National Monument, C...
22.2 Assessment of Palaeontological Assets
22.2.1 Inventory and Monitoring of Palaeontological Sites
22.2.2 Survey of Collections and Publications
22.3 Conservation Management
22.3.1 Conservation of Museum Collections
22.3.2 Conservation of In Situ Petrified Tree Stumps
22.4 Scientific Research and Management
22.5 Interpretation and Education
22.6 Practical Functionality of a Palaeontology Programme
22.8 Aspirations and Challenges in Achieving Geopark Designation
23 Varvite Park, A Brazilian Initiative for the Conservation and Interpretation of Geoheritage
23.1.1 Brazilian Geological Context
23.1.2 Geoconservation in Brazil
23.2.1 Geological Setting
23.2.3 History and Designation of the Geosite
23.2.4 Management and Public Use
24 Techniques for the Monitoring of Geosites in Cabañeros National Park, Spain
24.2 Geoheritage in the Cabañeros National Park
24.2.1 Boquerón del Estena Trace Fossil Geosite
24.2.2 El Chorro de los Navalucillos Waterfall Geosite
24.4 First Monitoring Results
24.4.1 Geoindicator 1: Physical Weathering
24.4.2 Geoindicator 2: River Floods
24.4.3 Geoindicator 3: Waterfall Discharge
24.5 Guidelines for Geosite Management
24.5.1 Boquerón del Estena Trace Fossil Geosite
24.5.2 El Chorro de los Navalucillos Waterfall Geosite
24.6 Conclusions and Proposals for Future Actions
Geoheritage and Geoconservation: The Challenges
Challenges for the Research
Geoheritage
：Assessment, Protection, and Management
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