Chapter
VITAMIN D STATUS IN OCEANIA
MULTICENTER AND GLOBAL STUDIES USING A CENTRAL LABORATORY FACILITY
60 - Vitamin D in Foods: An Evolution of Knowledge
CHALLENGES IN ASSESSING THE VITAMIN D CONTENT OF FOODS
Different Forms of Vitamin D
Variability Among Samples of the Same Food
Innate Differences Within and Between Species or Breeds
METHODS OF ANALYSIS FOR VITAMIN D IN FOODS
Method Validation and Quality Control
History of Vitamin D Food Composition Data in the United States
Compiling and Maintaining Food Composition Data
Current Food Composition Data
IMPLICATIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS
61 - Determinants of Vitamin D Deficiency From Sun Exposure: A Global Perspective
FACTORS AFFECTING 25-HYDROXYVITAMIN D CONCENTRATIONS
Atmospheric and Environmental Determinants
Geographic Location and Ultraviolet B Doses: Seasonal Variations
Urban Versus Rural Residence
Travel to Sunny Locations in Winter
Endogenous Characteristics
Messages to Get UV Exposure Mornings and Afternoons (The Shadow Rule)
Sun Avoidance Because of Concern About Skin Cancer, Melanoma
Occupation (Outdoors vs. Indoors)
Outdoor Recreational Activities
Lack of Knowledge of the Benefits of Vitamin D
Lifestyle Factors Associated With Reduced Sun Exposure
PREDICTING VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY
62 - Vitamin D Fortification and Supplementation Policies to Correct Vitamin D Insufficiency/Deficiency Globally
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR VITAMIN D STATUS
Recommendations for Vitamin D Intake
Dietary Sources of Vitamin D
Dietary Intakes of Vitamin D
STRATEGIES TO IMPROVE NUTRIENT INTAKES
Efficacy of Fortification
Efficacy of Supplement Use
Benefits on Vitamin D Status
Tools for Safe and Effective Use of Fortified Foods and Dietary Supplements
Health Claims on Product Labels
PUBLIC HEALTH MEASURES FOR REDUCING D DEFICIENCY
Country With Mandatory Fortification of Food Staples With Vitamin D: Canada
Country Transitioning Into the Use of Vitamin D-Fortified Staple Foods: Finland
Countries Exploring Fortification or Reliant on Traditional Food Sources of Vitamin D: Denmark and Greenland
63 - Vitamin D and Food Fortification
CURRENT INTAKES OF VITAMIN D IN YOUNG AND ADULT POPULATIONS IN NORTH AMERICA AND EUROPE AND HOW THESE COMPARE AGAINST DIETARY TA...
DIETARY STRATEGIES FOR INCREASING VITAMIN D INTAKE: BRIDGING THE GAP BY FOOD FORTIFICATION
Traditional Food Fortification With Vitamin D
CONSIDERATION OF OTHER VITAMIN D-FORTIFIED FOODS
Additional Considerations in Relation to Forms of Vitamin D and Addition Amounts for Traditional Fortification
Vitamin D2 Versus Vitamin D3
25-Hydroxyvitamin D Metabolites
VITAMIN D-BIOFORTIFIED FOODS
SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS AND PREREQUISITE DATA REQUIRED PRIOR TO INITIATING PUBLIC HEALTH MEASURES
64 - Bariatric Surgery, Vitamin D, and Bone Loss
Bariatric Surgery Is an Effective Treatment for Weight Loss
Indications for Bariatric Surgery
Bariatric Surgery Procedures
Vertical Sleeve Gastrectomy
Adjustable Gastric Banding
Biliopancreatic Diversion With or Without Duodenal Switch
SKELETAL EFFECTS OF BARIATRIC SURGERY
Biliopancreatic Diversion With or Without Duodenal Switch
Comparison With Nonsurgical Weight Loss
POTENTIAL MECHANISMS OF BONE LOSS
Nutritional Deficiencies: Vitamin D and Calcium
Preoperative Insufficiency and Deficiency
Postoperative Insufficiency and Deficiency: Mechanisms
Postoperative Insufficiency and Deficiency: Prevalence
Postoperative Vitamin D Dosing Regimens
Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide or Gastric Inhibitory Peptide
PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF SKELETAL EFFECTS
Universal Recommendations
Management of Osteoporosis After Bariatric Surgery
65 - Genetics of the Vitamin D Endocrine System
Molecular Genetic Dissection
From Candidates to Hypothesis-Free
Candidate-Gene Association Studies
Genome-Wide Association Studies
Mendelian Randomization Studies
GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDIES
GWAS on Serum Vitamin D and DBP Levels
The Vitamin D-Binding Protein Gene
Mendelian Randomization With Genome-Wide Association Studies Hits
Vitamin D-Related Genes Identified By Genome-Wide Association Studies
66 - Randomized Clinical Trials of Vitamin D for the Primary Prevention of Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease With a Focus on the VITamin D and OmegA-3 TriaL (VITAL)
VITAMIN D AND OMEGA-3 TRIAL STUDY DESIGN
Recruitment and Eligibility
Follow-Up and Endpoint Determination
The Clinical and Translational Science Center Subcohort
BASELINE CHARACTERISTICS OF VITAL PARTICIPANTS
OTHER ONGOING AND RECENTLY COMPLETED LARGE AND MIDSIZED TRIALS OF VITAMIN D
67 - Vitamin D Deficiency and Nutritional Rickets in Children
THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY AND NUTRITIONAL RICKETS
BIOCHEMICAL ABNORMALITIES
THE GROWTH PLATE IN RICKETS
DIETARY CALCIUM DEFICIENCY
THE PATHOGENETIC SPECTRUM OF NUTRITIONAL RICKETS
68 - Vitamin D and Osteoporosis
EFFECTS OF VITAMIN D ON THE SKELETON
THE ROLE OF VITAMIN D GENETIC FACTORS IN OSTEOPOROSIS AND POSSIBLE INTERACTIONS WITH VITAMIN D THERAPY
DETERMINING OPTIMAL SERUM 25 HYDROXYVITAMIN D CONCENTRATIONS FOR MUSCULOSKELETAL HEALTH
EFFECTS OF VITAMIN D ALONE OR CALCIUM AND VITAMIN D ON BONE MINERAL DENSITY
PRIMARY FRACTURE PREVENTION WITH VITAMIN D OR CALCIUM AND VITAMIN D
EFFECT OF VITAMIN D ALONE ON FRACTURES
SINGLE HIGH ANNUAL OR MONTHLY DOSES OF VITAMIN D
PRIMARY FRACTURE PREVENTION WITH CALCIUM AND VITAMIN D
SECONDARY FRACTURE PREVENTION WITH VITAMIN D OR CALCIUM AND VITAMIN D
EFFECTS OF ACTIVE VITAMIN D ANALOGS ON FRACTURES
THE ANABOLIC VITAMIN D ANALOGS, 2MD
THE VITAMIN D ANALOGS, ELDECALCITOL
ONGOING LARGE RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS OF VITAMIN D SUPPLEMENTATION
FUTURE DIRECTIONS FOR VITAMIN D IN OSTEOPOROSIS
69 - Adult Vitamin D Deficiency: Fracture and Fall Prevention
VITAMIN D: MUSCLE AND BALANCE
VITAMIN D: BONE MINERAL DENSITY AND FRACTURE RISK
TRIALS TESTING HIGHER DOSES OF VITAMIN D GIVEN AT INFREQUENT INTERVALS
70 - Clinical Disorders of Phosphate Homeostasis
REGULATION OF PHOSPHATE HOMEOSTASIS
PHOSPHATE AND VITAMIN D METABOLISM
CLINICAL SYMPTOMS OF HYPOPHOSPHATEMIA AND HYPERPHOSPHATEMIA
DISORDERS OF PHOSPHATE HOMEOSTASIS
Genetic Hypophosphatemic Syndromes of Excess Fibroblast Growth Factor 23
X-Linked Hypophosphatemia
Autosomal Dominant Hypophosphatemic Rickets
Autosomal Recessive Hypophosphatemic Rickets
Linear Nevus Sebaceous Syndrome/Epidermal Nevus Syndrome
GENETIC HYPOPHOSPHATEMIC DISORDERS WITH LOW FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR 23 LEVELS
ACQUIRED HYPOPHOSPHATEMIC DISORDERS WITH ELEVATED FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR 23 LEVELS
Tumor-Induced Osteomalacia
GENETIC HYPERPHOSPHOSPHATEMIC DISORDERS
DISORDERS OF ALTERED PHOSPHATE LOAD
Gastrointestinal Malabsorption
71 - Vitamin D Hydroxylation–Deficient Rickets, Type 1A: CYP27B1 Mutations
GENETIC AND MOLECULAR STUDIES
EVOLUTION OF VDDR1A UNDER TREATMENT FROM CHILDHOOD TO ADULTHOOD
Short-Term Effects of Treatment With Calcitriol
From Childhood to Adulthood
Adult Patients With VDDR1A
Pregnancies in Women With VDDR1A
PERSPECTIVE AND CONCLUSIONS
72 - Hereditary 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D Resistant Rickets
THE CLINICAL FEATURES OF HVDRR
Clinical and Biochemical Findings
HVDRR Patients and the Immune System
The Cardiovascular System in HVDRR Patients
MECHANISM OF 1,25(OH)2D ACTION
Regulation of Gene Expression by 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D
Initial Studies Using Cultured Skin Fibroblasts
Studies in Other Cell Types
MOLECULAR BASIS FOR HVDRR
First Description of a Genetic Defect in the Nuclear Receptor Superfamily
Mutations in the VDR DNA-Binding Domain
Analyses of DNA-Binding Domain Mutations
Structural Analysis of DNA-Binding Domain Mutations
Mutations Causing Premature Termination of the VDR
Mutations That Disrupt mRNA Splicing
Mutations in the VDR Ligand-Binding Domain
Mutations That Affect 1,25(OH)2D3 Binding
Structural Analysis of LBD Mutations That Affect 1,25(OH)2D3 Binding
Mutations That Affect VDR–RXR Heterodimerization
Structural Analysis of VDR–RXR Heterodimerization Mutations
Mutations That Affect Coactivator Binding
Compound Heterozygous Mutations in the VDR
Other Mutations in the VDR
HVDRR Without Mutations in the VDR
Future Therapy Using Vitamin D Analogs
73 - The Role of Genetic Variation in CYP2R1, the Principal Vitamin D 25-Hydroxylase, in Vitamin D Homeostasis
CYP2R1 IS THE PRINCIPAL HUMAN VITAMIN D 25-HYDROXYLASE
CYP2R1 AND VITAMIN D-DEPENDENT RICKETS
IN VITRO AND IN SILICO ANALYSES OF CYP2R1 FUNCTION
ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN CYP2R1 VARIANTS AND DISEASE
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS
74 - Infantile Hypercalcemia and CYP24A1 Mutations
INFANTILE HYPERCALCEMIA—DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
IDIOPATHIC INFANTILE HYPERCALCEMIA—HISTORICAL ASPECTS
SPECTRUM OF DISEASE CAUSED BY CYP24A1 MUTATIONS
MUTATIONS IN CYP24A1—MOLECULAR GENETICS
FUNCTIONAL STUDIES OF MUTANT CYP24A1
MEASUREMENT OF CYP24A1 ACTIVITY IN VIVO
ADDITIONAL DEFECTS LEADING TO AN INCREASED ACTION OF VITAMIN D
75 - Drug and Hormone Effects on Vitamin D Metabolism
HORMONE EFFECTS ON VITAMIN D METABOLISM
Parathyroid Hormone and Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein
Fibroblast Growth Factor 23
Growth Hormone and Insulin-Like Growth Factor
Tumor Necrosis Factor-α and Interferon-γ
DRUG EFFECTS ON VITAMIN D METABOLISM
76 - Vitamin D and Organ Transplantation
EFFECTS OF VITAMIN D ON IMMUNITY AND GRAFT REJECTION
Role of Vitamin D in Allograft Rejection
Immune Effects of Vitamin D
VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY PRIOR TO ORGAN TRANSPLANT
Vitamin D Deficiency in Patients With End-Stage Pulmonary Disease
Vitamin D Deficiency in Patients With Liver Failure
Vitamin D Deficiency in Patients With Congestive Heart Failure
Vitamin D Deficiency in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease
VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY FOLLOWING ORGAN TRANSPLANT
Vitamin D Deficiency at the Time of Organ Transplantation
Vitamin D Deficiency in Long-Term Transplant Recipients
TREATMENT OF POSTTRANSPLANT BONE LOSS WITH VITAMIN D AND ANALOGS
77 - The Role of Vitamin D in Type 2 Diabetes and Hypertension
EPIDEMIOLOGY AND BURDEN OF TYPE 2 DIABETES AND HYPERTENSION
BIOLOGIC PLAUSIBILITY OF AN ASSOCIATION BETWEEN VITAMIN D AND TYPE 2 DIABETES AND HYPERTENSION
Vitamin D and Pancreatic Beta Cell Function/Insulin Secretion
Vitamin D and Insulin Sensitivity
Vitamin D and Systemic Inflammation
Vitamin D and the Renin–Angiotensin–Aldosterone System
Other Potential Mechanisms for Vitamin D Action in Hypertension
EVIDENCE FROM HUMAN STUDIES FOR A LINK BETWEEN VITAMIN D AND TYPE 2 DIABETES
Seasonal and Geographic Studies of Vitamin D and Type 2 Diabetes
Case-Control and Cross-Sectional Studies of Vitamin D and Type 2 Diabetes
Longitudinal Observational Cohort Studies of Vitamin D and Type 2 Diabetes
Mendelian Randomization Studies
Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Glycemia and Type 2 Diabetes
EVIDENCE FROM HUMAN STUDIES FOR A LINK BETWEEN VITAMIN D AND HYPERTENSION
Seasonal and Geographic Studies of Vitamin D and Hypertension
Case-Control and Cross-Sectional Studies of Vitamin D and Hypertension
Longitudinal Observational Cohort Studies
Mendelian Randomization Studies
Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Hypertension
SUMMARY OF EVIDENCE FROM HUMAN STUDIES ON TYPE 2 DIABETES AND HYPERTENSION AND LIMITATIONS IN THE STUDY OF VITAMIN D
OPTIMAL INTAKE OF VITAMIN D IN RELATION TO TYPE 2 DIABETES AND HYPERTENSION
78 - Vitamin D, Obesity, and the Metabolic Syndrome
ADIPOSE TISSUE AS A VITAMIN D RESERVE
OBESITY AND VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY
OBESITY, VITAMIN D-BINDING PROTEINS, AND “FREE” VITAMIN D CONCENTRATIONS
THE EFFECT OF WEIGHT LOSS ON SERUM 25(OH)D CONCENTRATIONS
CAN VITAMIN D SUPPLEMENTATION PREVENT, OR REDUCE, OBESITY?
OBESITY AND THE EFFICACY OF VITAMIN D SUPPLEMENTATION
BROWN ADIPOSE TISSUE, OBESITY, AND VITAMIN D
OBESITY, VITAMIN D, AND METABOLIC SYNDROME
Inflammation and Hormonal Adipokines
Insulin Resistance, Insulin Secretion, and Glycemia
Dyslipidaemia and Nonalcoholic Fatty Disease of the Liver
IMPORTANCE OF EARLY LIFE D STATUS FOR OBESITY AND SUBSEQUENT RISKS OF METABOLIC SYNDROME, TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS, AND CARDIOVA...
CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS
79 - Vitamin D and Renal Disease
RENAL MAINTENANCE OF THE VITAMIN D ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Alterations in Vitamin D Bioactivation to 25(OH)D in Chronic Kidney Disease
Alterations in Renal Calcitriol Synthesis and Catabolism in Chronic Kidney Disease
Alterations in Calcitriol Production by Nonrenal 1-Hydroxylases in Chronic Kidney Disease
Alterations in Calcitriol/VDR Endocrine and Autocrine/Paracrine Actions in CKD
CRITICAL CALCITRIOL/VDR ACTIONS TO IMPROVE PARATHYROID, SKELETAL, RENAL, AND CARDIOVASCULAR OUTCOMES IN CKD
Vitamin D Control of Secondary Hyperparathyroidism
Vitamin D Control of Skeletal Health in CKD Unrelated to the Attenuation of Secondary Hyperparathyroidism
Vitamin D Maintenance of Renal Klotho: Relevance for Renal and Cardiovascular Protection
80 - Calcitriol and Analogs in the Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease
ANALOGS OF VITAMIN D USED IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE
ANALOGS IN ANIMAL MODELS OF UREMIA
CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE STAGES 3–4
Effects on Mineral Metabolism
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE AND DIFFERENT FORMS OF VITAMIN D
81 - Idiopathic Hypercalciuria and Nephrolithiasis
INTRODUCTION TO KIDNEY STONES
Mechanisms of Hypercalciuria
IDIOPATHIC HYPERCALCIURIA
Pathogenesis of Human Idiopathic Hypercalciuria
Increased Intestinal Calcium Absorption
Renal Histopathology in Calcium Oxalate Nephrolithiasis
Decreased Renal Ca Reabsorption
Genetic Contributions to Stone Disease
Proposed Pathogenetic Models of Idiopathic Hypercalciuria
Fasting Serum Parathyroid Hormone, Urine Ca
Urine Ca and Ca Balance During Low-Ca Diet
Role of 1,25(OH)2D Excess
CURRENT VIEW OF HUMAN GENETIC HYPERCALCIURIA
THERAPEUTICS OF IDIOPATHIC HYPERCALCIURIA AND EFFECTS ON CALCIUM METABOLISM
Dietary Calcium Restriction
GENETIC HYPERCALCIURIC RATS
RISK OF STONE FORMATION USING VITAMIN D ANALOGS
82 - Hypercalcemia Due to Vitamin D Toxicity
FORMS OF EXOGENOUS VITAMIN D TOXICITY
Vitamin D and 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Toxicity
1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D Toxicity
Toxicity Due to Synthetic Analogs
FORMS OF ENDOGENOUS VITAMIN D TOXICITY
Endogenous Production of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D
Production of 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D
Other Granulomatous Diseases
Decreased Clearance of 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D
Mechanisms of Vitamin D Toxicity
Role of Vitamin D Receptor in Vitamin D Toxicity
Control of Renal 1α-Hydroxylase in Vitamin D Toxicity
Inhibition of the Catabolic Pathway of 24-Hydroxylase
Vitamin D-Binding Protein and the Level of Free Metabolite in Vitamin D Toxicity
Diagnosis of Vitamin D Toxicity
Treatment of Vitamin D Toxicity
83 - The Hypocalcemic Disorders
Parathyroid Hormone in the Acute Defense of Serum Calcium Concentration
Vitamin D in the Long-Term Maintenance of Eucalcemia
Biochemical Changes Induced by Hypocalcemia
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF HYPOCALCEMIA
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF HYPOCALCEMIA
Hypocalcemia Due to Abnormalities of Parathyroid Hormone Availability
Disorders of Parathyroid Gland Formation
Disorders of Parathyroid Hormone Production or Secretion
Parathyroid Gland Damage/Destruction
Hypocalcemia Due to Resistance to the Actions of Parathyroid Hormone
Parathyroid Hormone–Independent Hypocalcemia
Nutritional Vitamin D Deficiency (see Fig. 83.1)
Deficiency of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D-1α-Hydroxylase
Hereditary Resistance to 1,25(OH)2D
Dietary Calcium Deficiency
Hyperphosphatemia-Mediated Hypocalcemia
Hypocalcemia Due to Accelerated Skeletal Mineralization
TREATMENT OF HYPOCALCEMIA
Role of Magnesium Supplementation
84 - Vitamin D: Cardiovascular Effects and Vascular Calcification
VITAMIN D SIGNALING IN MYOCARDIAL REMODELING AND FUNCTION
VITAMIN D ACTIONS IN ATHEROSCLEROSIS ANDARTERIOSCLEROSIS
VITAMIN D AND HUMAN CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE: COMPELLING EPIDEMIOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY, EMERGING BUT LESS COMPELLING EVIDENCE OF INT...
VITAMIN D INTOXICATION AND CARDIOVASCULAR CALCIFICATION: PHARMACOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS
THE IMPACT OF CALCIUM, PHOSPHATE, AND VITAMIN D EXCESSES ON SMOOTH MUSCLE MATRIX VESICLE PHYSIOLOGY AND VASCULAR CALCIFICATION
THE FGF23/KLOTHO/VITAMIN D AXIS, NEPHROCALCINOSIS, AND CARDIOVASCULAR CALCIFICATION
VITAMIN D, VASCULAR PARATHYROID HORMONE RECEPTOR SIGNALING, AND ARTERIOSCLEROTIC CALCIUM ACCRUAL: LESSONS LEARNED FROM PRECLINIC...
DEFINING CARDIOVASCULAR TOXICITY THRESHOLDS FOR VITAMIN D: CRITICAL CLUES FROM THE CLINICAL LITERATURE
VITAMIN D, THE CALCIUM-SENSING RECEPTOR, AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS
85 - Vitamin D and Paget’s Disease
MECHANISM OF ACTION OF 1,25(OH)2D3 ON OSTEOCLAST FORMATION
INCREASED LEVELS OF TAF12 IN OSTEOCLAST PRECURSORS FROM PAGET’S DISEASE PATIENTS CONTRIBUTE TO THEIR HYPERRESPONSIVITY TO 1,25(O...
TAF12 EXPRESSION IS INCREASED IN OSTEOCLASTS FROM PATIENTS WITH PAGET’S DISEASE
Measles Virus Infection of Osteoclast Precursors Induces TAF12
Tartrate-Resistance Acid Phosphatase–Measles Virus Nucleocapsid Gene Mice Express TAF12
Antisense Measles Virus Nucleocapsid Protein Reduced TAF12 Expression in Osteoclast Precursors From Patients With Paget’s Diseas...
Effects of IL-6 on TAF12 Expression by Osteoclast Precursors
OVEREXPRESSION OF TAF12 IS SUFFICIENT TO INDUCE 1,25(OH)2D3 HYPERRESPONSIVITY IN HUMAN OSTEOCLAST PRECURSORS
Overexpression of TAF12 in Human Osteoclast Precursors
Osteoclast Precursors From TRACP–TAF12 Mice Display 1,25(OH)2D3 Hyperresponsivity
Effects of TAF12 Antisense Transduction on OCL Formation in Marrow Cultures From PD Patients That Express MVNP in Their OCL Prec...
MECHANISM OF ACTION OF TAF12 IN THE INCREASED 1,25(OH)2D3 RESPONSIVITY OF OCL PRECURSORS FROM PD PATIENTS
TAF12 Binds the cyp24A1 Promoter in Osteoclast Precursors
TAF12 Interacts With ATF7
TAF12 Enhances Vitamin D Nuclear Receptor Content and Half-Life in Cells
MARROW STROMAL CELLS DERIVED FROM P62P394L KNOCK-IN MICE AND P62P392L PAGET’S PATIENTS ARE HYPERRESPONSIVE TO 1,25(OH)2D3 AND DI...
SERUM CONCENTRATIONS OF 1,25(OH)2D3 IN PAGET’S PATIENTS
86 - Analogs of Calcitriol
14-EPI ANALOGS OF 1,25(OH)2D3
NONSECOSTEROIDAL COMPOUNDS
87 - Nonsecosteroidal Ligands and Modulators of Vitamin D Receptor
CD-RING-REPLACEMENT LIGANDS
Identification, Structure, and Biological Characterization
Identification, Structure, and Biological Characterization
MISCELLANEOUS NONSECOSTEROIDS
Identification, Structure, and Biological Characterization
NONSECOSTEROIDAL MODULATORS OF VITAMIN D RECEPTOR-COREGULATOR INTERACTIONS
Identification, Structure, and Biological Characterization
88 - Bile Acid-Derived Vitamin D Receptor Ligands
THE VITAMIN D RECEPTOR IS A DUAL-FUNCTIONAL RECEPTOR FOR VITAMIN D AND BILE ACIDS
BILE ACIDS AND NUCLEAR RECEPTORS
Regulation of Bile Acid Metabolism by Nuclear Receptors
DEVELOPMENT OF BILE ACID DERIVATIVES
Bile Acid Derivatives Acting on Farnesoid X Receptor and TGR5
Bile Acid Derivatives That Act on Vitamin D Receptor
X-RAY CRYSTAL STRUCTURES OF VITAMIN D RECEPTOR IN COMPLEX WITH LITHOCHOLIC ACID AND ITS DERIVATIVES
Docking Models of the Vitamin D Receptor–Ligand-Binding Domain Bound to Lithocholic Acid and Lithocholic Acid Derivatives
Vitamin D Receptor–Ligand-Binding Domain Complexed With Lithocholic Acid and DRIP205 Coactivator Peptide
Zebrafish Vitamin D Receptor–Ligand-Binding Domain Complexed With Lithocholic Acid and Steroid Receptor Coactivator Peptide
Vitamin D Receptor–Ligand-Binding Domain Complexed With 3-Keto-Lithocholic Acid and DRIP205
Vitamin D Receptor–Ligand-Binding Domain Complexed With Lithocholic Acid Acetate/Lithocholic Acid Propionate and DRIP205
89 - Bifunctional Vitamin D Hybrid Molecules
COMBINATION THERAPY AND BIFUNCTIONAL AGENTS
NUCLEAR RECEPTOR LIGANDS AS TROJAN HORSES
VITAMIN D/HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR HYBRIDS
90 - Modulating Vitamin D Receptor–Coregulator Binding With Small Molecules
VITAMIN D RECEPTOR COACTIVATORS
VITAMIN D RECEPTOR COREPRESSORS
INHIBITING VITAMIN D RECEPTOR: VDR ANTAGONISTS VERSUS VDR–COREGULATOR INHIBITORS
PEPTIDE-BASED INHIBITORS OF VITAMIN D RECEPTOR–COREGULATOR INTERACTIONS
SMALL MOLECULE-BASED INHIBITORS OF VITAMIN D RECEPTOR–COREGULATOR INTERACTIONS
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE DIRECTION
91 - Extended-Release Calcifediol in Renal Disease
BACKGROUND—VITAMIN D SIGNALING AND METABOLISM (FIG. 91.1)
Vitamin D Biosynthesis and Homeostasis
Systemic and Target Tissue Regulation of Vitamin D Signaling and Metabolism
TREATING SECONDARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM ASSOCIATED WITH VITAMIN D INSUFFICIENCY IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE
Vitamin D Supplementation
Vitamin D Receptor Agonist Therapy
Extended-Release Calcifediol
Extended-Release Calcifediol for Secondary Hyperparathyroidism
92 - Vitamin D Receptor Antagonists
ZK159222, ZK168281, and Their Analogs
TEI-9647 AND ITS DERIVATIVES
Synthetic Derivatives of TEI-9647
NONSECOSTEROIDAL VITAMIN D RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST
CONCLUSION AND DIRECTIONS FOR FUTURE STUDY
93 - Eldecalcitol and Osteoporosis
STRUCTURE–FUNCTION RELATIONSHIP
Vitamin D-Binding Protein
Vitamin D Receptor Binding
Effect on Bone Resorption
Effect on Bone Quality and Strength
CLINICAL STUDIES IN OSTEOPOROTIC PATIENTS
Effect on Bone Mineral Density
Effect on Bone Turnover Markers
Remaining Questions and Conclusions
94 - Overview of Vitamin D Actions in Cancer
Vitamin D Receptor Gene Polymorphisms
Angiogenesis and Metastasis
Parathyroid Hormone-Related Peptide
VITAMIN D EFFECTS ON TUMOR CELLS
(Proto)-oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor Genes
Growth Factors and Growth Factor Receptors
RESISTANCE AND VITAMIN D METABOLISM
STIMULATION OF PROLIFERATION
95 - Vitamin D Status and Cancer Incidence, Mortality, and Prognosis
Colorectal Cancer or Adenoma
Randomized Controlled Trial Studies of Vitamin D and Total Cancer Incidence
CANCER MORTALITY AND SURVIVAL
Case-Control and Cohort Studies
Studies Using Predicted 25(OH)D
Studies of Vitamin D Intake
Randomized Controlled Trials
Genetic Variation and Gene Expression in the Vitamin D Pathway
Tumor Subtypes and Molecular Characteristics
Conclusions and Implications for Future Research
96 - Effects of Vitamin D Derivatives on Differentiation, Cell Cycle, and Apoptosis in Hematological Malignancies
DIFFERENTIATION OF MYELOID LEUKEMIA CELLS BY VITAMIN D DERIVATIVES
Differentiation and Its Markers
SIGNALING AND EXECUTION OF MONOCYTIC DIFFERENTIATION INDUCED BY VITAMIN D DERIVATIVES
Activation of VDR as the Initial VDD-Induced Signal for Differentiation of Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cells
Differentiation Signaling Pathways Activated by Vitamin D Derivatives in Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cells
Protein Kinase C Signaling
Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase/AKT Pathway
Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathway
Janus Kinase–Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription Pathway
TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS IN VITAMIN D DERIVATIVE–INDUCED DIFFERENTIATION
Developmental Differentiation
Master Transcription Factors
Other Transcription Factors That Contribute to Vitamin D Derivative–Induced Differentiation
ROLE OF MICRO-RNAS IN HEMATOPOIESIS, DIFFERENTIATION, AND CELL CYCLE BLOCK
VITAMIN D DERIVATIVES–INDUCED PROGRESSION OF MONOCYTIC TO MACROPHAGE DIFFERENTIATION
EFFECTS OF VITAMIN D DERIVATIVES ON THE CELL CYCLE AND PROLIFERATION OF HUMAN LEUKEMIA CELLS
General Features of the Cell Cycle
Regulation of Cell Cycle Progression
Control of S Phase and DNA Replication Licensing
The G2 and M Phase Transition
Modulation of Cell Cycle Events by Vitamin D and Its Analogs
Upregulation of p21Cip1 and p27Kip1
Retinoblastoma Protein Control of 1,25(OH)2D3-Induced G1 Block
Downregulation of c-MYC Expression in 1,25(OH)2D3-Induced Differentiation and G1 Arrest
G2/M Retardation and Polyploidization
Inhibition of Cell Proliferation by Vitamin D and Analogs Without Evidence of Differentiation: Cell Type Specificity
EFECTS OF VITAMIN D DERIVATIVES ON CELL SURVIVAL AND CELL DEATH
Vitamin D Derivatives Can Increase Cell Death
Vitamin D Derivatives Can Increase Cell Survival
Autophagy and Vitamin D Derivatives
EFFECTS OF VITAMIN D DERIVATIVES ON LYMPHOID LINEAGE CELLS
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS OF VITAMIN D DERIVATIVES' ACTIONS AGAINST HEMATOPOIETIC MALIGNANCIES
Differentiation Therapy of Leukemia
Vitamin D Analogs and Their Functional Analysis
PRI-1906 and Its Derivatives
Potential Mechanisms by Which Vitamin D Analogs Have Increased Biological Activity
Vitamin D Compounds in Combination With Other Agents
Cytotoxic and Cytostatic Drugs
Protein Kinase C Activators
Clinical Trials of Vitamin D Derivatives in Hematopoietic Malignancies
Synthetic Vitamin D Analogs
Paricalcitol and Doxercalciferol
97 - Vitamin D Actions in Mammary Gland and Breast Cancer: Genomics, Metabolism, and Stem Cells
INTRODUCTION TO BREAST CANCER
Molecular Heterogeneity of Human Breast Cancer
Breast Cancer Cells of Origin
OBSERVATIONAL AND INTERVENTIONAL STUDIES ON VITAMIN D AND BREAST CANCER
Association Studies of Vitamin D and Breast Cancer
Vitamin D Supplementation Trials in Breast Cancer Prevention
Vitamin D and Breast Cancer Subtypes
EXPRESSION AND FUNCTION OF THE VITAMIN D PATHWAY IN NORMAL AND NEOPLASTIC BREAST CELLS/TISSUES
Vitamin D Receptor Expression and Function in Normal Mammary Gland
Local Metabolism of Vitamin D in Mammary Gland
Evidence for Deregulation of the Vitamin D Pathway in Breast Cancer
Mechanisms of Vitamin D Resistance in Tumor Cells
IMPACT OF VITAMIN D SIGNALING IN ANIMAL MODELS OF BREAST CANCER
Efficacy of Vitamin D Compounds to Inhibit Chemically-Induced Carcinogenesis
Studies on Vitamin D Receptor Agonists, Diet, and Ultraviolet Radiation in Tumor Graft Models
Effect of Dietary Vitamin D and/or Vitamin D Receptor Agonists on Transgenic Models of Breast Cancer
Effect of Vitamin D Receptor Ablation on Mammary Carcinogenesis
GENOMIC PROFILING OF VITAMIN D RECEPTOR AGONISTS IN BREAST CANCER MODEL SYSTEMS
1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 Regulated Genes and Enriched Pathways in Nontumorigenic Mammary Epithelial Cells
Genomic Profiling in 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3-Treated Breast Cancer Cell Lines
Demonstration of 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3-Mediated Gene Expression in Human Breast Cancers Cultured Ex Vivo
Summary of Genomic Profiling Data
NEW MECHANISTIC INSIGHT INTO VITAMIN D ACTIONS IN BREAST CANCER
Regulation of Breast Cancer Stem Cell Populations by 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3
OVERALL CONCLUSIONS AND REMAINING RESEARCH QUESTIONS
98 - The Antitumor Effects of Vitamin D in Genitourinary Cancer
Anticancer Mechanisms and Mechanisms of Resistance
Resistance to the Antitumor Effects of Vitamin D Analogs
Combination Therapies With Vitamin D Compounds
Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs
Ionizing Radiation and Photodynamic Therapy
Clinical Trials of Vitamin D Compounds in Prostate Cancer Therapy
Single Agent Vitamin D Compounds
Combinations of Vitamin D Compounds and Cytotoxic Agents in Prostate Cancer
Vitamin D Analogs Administered to Patients Prior to Prostate Removal: Exploration of Biologic Effects
99 - Vitamin D and Colon Cancer
Genetics and Subtypes of Colon Cancer
Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway
EXPRESSION OF VITAMIN D HYDROXYLASES AND THE VITAMIN D RECEPTOR IN COLON CANCER
MECHANISM OF ACTION OF 1,25(OH)2D3 IN COLON CANCER
Antagonism of the Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway by 1,25(OH)2D3 in Colon Cancer
Enhancement of Vitamin D Receptor-β-Catenin Protein–Protein Interaction
Other Mechanisms of Wnt/β-Catenin Antagonism by 1,25(OH)2D3
Wnt/β-Catenin Antagonism by 1,25(OH)2D3 in Animal Models and Clinical Trials
Effects on Colon Cancer Cell Proliferation, Survival, and Differentiation
Antiangiogenic, Antiinflammatory, Immunomodulatory, and Detoxifying Effects
Inflammation and Immunomodulation
Target Genes in Colon Cancer Cells
Effects of 1,25(OH)2D3 in Colon Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts
Chemically-Induced Colon/Colorectal Cancer Models
Genetic Models of Colon/Colorectal Cancer
100 - Vitamin D and Skin Cancer
TWO SOURCES OF VITAMIN D: DIET OR SUNLIGHT
VITAMIN D AND INDOOR TANNING
UV EXPOSURE CONTRIBUTES TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF MELANOMA AND NONMELANOMA SKIN CANCER
VITAMIN D IN SKIN CANCER: ROLE OF VITAMIN D IN KERATINOCYTES
ROLE OF VITAMIN D IN SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMAS
ROLE OF VITAMIN D IN BASAL CELL CARCINOMAS
ROLE OF VITAMIN D IN MELANOMA
PHOTOPROTECTION AND VITAMIN D LEVELS
101 - Vitamin D and Lung Cancer
VITAMIN D AND CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE
Gc Polymorphisms and Risk of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
VARIATION IN VITAMIN D SIGNALING PATHWAY COMPONENTS AND LUNG CANCER RISK/OUTCOMES
Vitamin D Receptor Polymorphisms and Lung Cancer Risk and Survival
Polymorphisms in Vitamin D Metabolizing Enzymes and Lung Cancer Risk
Vitamin D Levels and Lung Cancer Risk
VITAMIN D AND THE CHEMOPREVENTION OF NONSMALL CELL LUNG CANCER
VITAMIN D ACTIONS IN NONSMALL CELL LUNG CANCER
Epidemiologic Studies Implicate Vitamin D in Controlling Growth of Established Lung Tumors
Determinants of the Antiproliferative Activity of Vitamin D in Nonsmall Cell Lung Cancer
Vitamin D Receptor Expression Level Predicts Growth Inhibitory Effects of Calcitriol in Human Nonsmall Cell Lung Cancer Cell Lin...
CYP24A1 is Upregulated in Primary Human Lung Tumors and Adversely Affects Vitamin D Signaling in Nonsmall Cell Lung Cancer Model...
Molecular Actions of Calcitriol in Nonsmall Cell Lung CancerCells
Regulation of Cell Cycle Progression by Calcitriol
Regulation of the Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition by Calcitriol
Stromal Modulation by Vitamin D in Lung Cancer
VITAMIN D-BASED COMBINATION THERAPIES FOR ADVANCED NONSMALL CELL LUNG CANCER: PRECLINICAL RATIONALE AND CLINICAL STUDIES
Vitamin D and Platinum-Based Chemotherapy
Vitamin D and Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors
ACTIVITY OF CALCITRIOL ANALOGS IN NONSMALL CELL LUNG CANCER MODELS
102 - Vitamin D Inflammation and Cancer
VITAMIN D AND THE VITAMIN D SYSTEM
Main Characteristics of Inflammation
Major Pathways Involved in Inflammation
Nuclear Factor κB Pathway
Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription 3 Pathway
Vitamin D and Inflammation
Effect of Vitamin D on Inducers of Inflammation: Antimicrobial Effects of Vitamin D
Effect of Vitamin D on Receptors and Mediators of Inflammation
Effect of Vitamin D on Immune Cells
Effect of Vitamin D in Inflammatory Diseases
INFLAMMATION-ASSOCIATED CANCER
Key Factors in Inflammation-Associated Cancer
Vitamin D and Inflammation-Associated Cancer
Molecular Pathways Regulated by Vitamin D in Inflammation-Associated Cancer
Effect of Vitamin D in Inflammation-Associated Colorectal Cancer
Effect of Vitamin D on Inflammatory and Colon Cancer-Promoting Pathways
Effect of Vitamin D in Inflammation-Associated Prostate Cancer
Effect of Vitamin D on Inflammatory and Prostate Cancer-Promoting Pathways
Effect of Vitamin D in Inflammation-Associated Breast Cancer
Effect of Vitamin D on Inflammatory and Breast Cancer-Promoting Pathways
Effect of Vitamin D in Inflammation-Associated Pancreatic Cancer
Effect of Vitamin D on Inflammatory and Pancreatic Cancer-Promoting Pathways
Effect of Vitamin D in Inflammation-Associated Hepatocellular Cancer
XI - IMMUNITY, INFLAMMATION AND DISEASE
103 - Vitamin D and Tuberculosis
THE IMMUNE RESPONSE IN TUBERCULOSIS
INFLUENCE OF VITAMIN D ON THE IMMUNE RESPONSE TO MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS
STUDIES WITH MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS INFECTION AS AN END POINT
STUDIES WITH ACTIVE TUBERCULOSIS DISEASE AS END POINT
STUDIES OF TREATMENT OUTCOME
104 - Vitamin D and Adaptive Immunology in Health and Disease
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE FOR A ROLE OF VITAMIN D IN IMMUNE DISEASE
ACTIONS OF VITAMIN D ON PROINFLAMMATORY T LYMPHOCYTE RESPONSES
ACTIONS OF VITAMIN D ON REGULATORY T LYMPHOCYTE RESPONSES
ACTIONS OF VITAMIN D ON B LYMPHOCYTES
ACTIONS OF VITAMIN D ON THE IMMUNE MICROENVIRONMENT AND THE FUNCTION OF ANTIGEN-PRESENTING CELLS
VITAMIN D AND VACCINE RESPONSES
TRANSLATIONAL STUDIES AS A WINDOW TO STUDY EFFECTS OF VITAMIN D ON ADAPTIVE IMMUNOLOGY
DISPARITY BETWEEN ASSOCIATION, TRANSLATIONAL, AND CLINICAL STUDIES
ULTRAVIOLET B VERSUS ORAL VITAMIN D SUPPLEMENTATION—EFFECTS ON THE ADAPTIVE IMMUNE SYSTEM
VITAMIN D AS A TEMPORAL REGULATOR OF ADAPTIVE IMMUNE RESPONSES
105 - Vitamin D and Innate Immunity
MECHANISMS FOR PATHOGEN SENSING
Nucleotide Oligomerization Domain
BARRIER FUNCTION AND ASSOCIATED INFECTIOUS DISEASES
INNATE IMMUNE ACTIVITY OF 1,25-DIHYDROXYVITAMIN D
Oxidative Stress: Reactive Oxygen Species
Oxidative Stress: Reactive Nitrogen Species
Intracellular Iron Homeostasis
VITAMIN D PATHWAY AND TUBERCULOSIS
Role of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D on the Innate Immune Response
Vitamin D-Mediated Antimicrobial Response
Contribution of Adaptive Immune Responses to the Antibacterial Effects of Vitamin D
VITAMIN D PATHWAY AND LEPROSY
Vitamin D Pathway and Immune Evasion
HISTORY OF VITAMIN D, SUNSHINE, AND TUBERCULOSIS TREATMENT
106 - Vitamin D and Diabetes
VITAMIN D AND GENETIC PREDISPOSITION TO DIABETES
VITAMIN D, THE BETA CELL, AND INSULIN RESISTANCE IN TYPE 2 DIABETES
Effect of Vitamin D Metabolites on Beta Cell Function
Effects of Vitamin D Metabolites on Overall Beta Cell Health
Effect of Vitamin D Deficiency on Beta Cell Function and Insulin Resistance in Type 2 Diabetes
Effect of Vitamin D Metabolites on Type 2 Diabetes Prevention In Vivo
VITAMIN D AS AN IMMUNE MODULATOR IN TYPE 1 DIABETES
Effects of Vitamin D Deficiency on Type 1 Diabetes Development
In Vivo Interventions Using Vitamin D Metabolites to Arrest or Prevent Type 1 Diabetes
Mechanisms Underlying the Beneficial Effect of Vitamin D Metabolites on Diabetes
Combination With Other Immune Modulators
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL PERSPECTIVES
107 - Vitamin D and Multiple Sclerosis
GENES AND ENVIRONMENT IN MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS
Multiple Sclerosis Susceptibility Genes
Multiple Sclerosis Environmental Exposures
The Vitamin D Hypothesis and a Plausible Mechanism
VITAMIN D AND MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS RISK AND SEVERITY
Enzymes of Vitamin D Activation
Vitamin D Receptor and Vitamin D-Responsive Elements
Genetic Support for the Vitamin D Hypothesis
Vitamin D Status and Multiple Sclerosis Risk
Vitamin D Interventions and Demyelinating Disease Activity
VITAMIN D SIGNALING IN THE IMMUNE AND NERVOUS SYSTEMS
Vitamin D Receptor Expression in Immune Cells
Vitamin D Receptor and CD4+ T Cell Subsets
Synthesis and Metabolism of 1,25(OH)2D3 in Immune Cells
Vitamin D Receptor Expression in the Nervous System
Synthesis and Metabolism of 1,25(OH)2D3 in the Central Nervous System
VITAMIN D MECHANISMS OF IMMUNE REGULATION
T Lymphocytes in Autoimmune Disease
The T Cell Antimicrobial Response and Autoimmune Disease
Vitamin D and T Helper 1 Cells
Vitamin D and T Helper 17 Cells
Vitamin D Regulation of Effector T Cell Apoptosis
Vitamin D, T Regulatory Cells, and FoxP3
Vitamin D, T Regulatory Type 1 Cells, and Interleukin-10
Vitamin D and Microglial Cells
VITAMIN D MECHANISMS OF NEUROPROTECTION
Blood–Brain Barrier Maintenance
Nerve Growth Factor, Neurotrophins, and Neurotrophin Receptors
RISING MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS INCIDENCE IN WOMEN
SEX-BASED DIFFERENCES IN MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS AND THE ROLE OF ESTROGEN
Estrogens and Their Receptors
VITAMIN D AND ESTROGEN SYNERGY FOR T CELL SELF-TOLERANCE
Female Bias in Vitamin D-Mediated Protection
E2 and 1,25(OH)2D3 Synergy in CD4+ T Cells
E2 Enhancement of Vitamin D Receptor Gene Expression
E2 Repression of CYP24A1 Gene Expression
1,25(OH)2D3 Enhancement of Aromatase (CYP19) Gene Expression
1,25(OH)2D3 Enhancement of IKZF2 and FOXP3 Gene Expression
Cooperative Hormone Interaction for ImmuneTolerance
DECLINING VITAMIN D STATUS AND RISING MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS INCIDENCE
Declining Global Vitamin D Status
Environmental Drivers of the Female Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis Epidemic
VITAMIN D AND MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS PREVENTION
Causality or Fortuitous Correlation
Intervention Study Population
CONCLUSIONS AND UNANSWERED QUESTIONS
108 - Vitamin D and Inflammatory Bowel Disease
WHAT IS INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE?
WHO GETS INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE?
The “Vitamin D Hypothesis”
THE GUT EPITHELIUM, COMMENSALS, AND INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE
THE IMMUNE RESPONSE AND INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE
VITAMIN D REGULATES T CELL RESPONSIVENESS
EXPERIMENTAL MODELS OF INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE
VITAMIN D AND THE MICROBIOTA
CURRENT TREATMENTS FOR INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE
VITAMIN D AS A TREATMENT OPTION FOR INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE
109 - Psoriasis and Other Skin Diseases
INTRODUCTION/HISTORICAL OVERVIEW
PATHOGENESIS OF PSORIASIS
Psoriasis: Pathogenesis, Immunology, and Histology of Skin Lesions
THE VITAMIN D SYSTEM IN NORMAL AND PSORIATIC SKIN
PHYSIOLOGICAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIONS OF VITAMIN D ANALOGS IN NORMAL AND PSORIATIC SKIN
Biological Effects of Vitamin D and Analogs in Psoriasis
CLINICAL USE OF 1,25(OH)2D3 AND ITS ANALOGS IN PSORIASIS AND OTHER SKIN DISEASES
Treatment of Scalp Psoriasis
Treatment of Nail Psoriasis
Treatment of Face and Flexures
Treatment of Skin Lesions in Children
Treatment of Psoriatic Lesions in HIV Patients
Combination of Vitamin D Analogs With Other Therapies
VITAMIN D ANALOG THERAPY IN OTHER SKIN DISEASES
Actinic Keratoses, Skin Cancer
Cutaneous Wound Healing and Skin Health
EVALUATION OF NEW VITAMIN D ANALOGS, WITH LESS CALCEMIC ACTIVITY, WHICH CAN BE USED FOR THE TREATMENT OF HYPERPROLIFERATIVE SKIN...
XII - THERAPEUTIC APPLICATIONS AND NEW ADVANCES
110 - Sunlight Protection by Vitamin D Compounds
DNA DAMAGE BY ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION
Direct DNA Damage by Absorption of Ultraviolet
Indirect DNA Damage by Ultraviolet
Nucleotide Excision Repair
Role of Tumor Suppressor Protein p53
ULTRAVIOLET-INDUCED IMMUNE SUPPRESSION
Similarity of Action Spectra for Vitamin D Synthesis and Skin Cancer
SYNTHESIS AND METABOLISM OF VITAMIN D COMPOUNDS IN SKIN
THE VITAMIN D SYSTEM AND PHOTOCARCINOGENESIS
VITAMIN D COMPOUNDS REDUCE SEVERAL TYPES OF ULTRAVIOLET-INDUCED DNA DAMAGE
Mechanisms: Reduced Generation of Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species
Mechanisms: Enhanced Repair of DNA Damage
VITAMIN D COMPOUNDS AND UV-INDUCED IMMUNE SUPPRESSION
PATHWAYS—EVIDENCE FOR INVOLVEMENT OF NONCLASSICAL PATHWAYS
111 - Vitamin D, Cardiovascular Disease, and Hypertension
Vitamin D Deficiency in Animal Models
Molecular/Pathophysiologic Effects
Rickets and Cardiovascular Diseases
Other Cardiovascular Risk Factors
MENDELIAN RANDOMIZATION STUDIES
RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS
Other Cardiovascular Risk Factors
112 - Vitamin D, Acute Respiratory Infection, and Asthma/Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
COMMON RESPIRATORY DISORDERS
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
VITAMIN D AND LUNG DEVELOPMENT
VITAMIN D AND ACUTE RESPIRATORY INFECTION
Observational Studies on Acute Respiratory Infection, Including Childhood Wheezing
Interventional Studies on Acute Respiratory Infection
Asthma Control, Including Exacerbations
Responsiveness to Corticosteroids
VITAMIN D AND CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Pathogenesis and Progression
Acute Exacerbations of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Vitamin D, Atopy, and Allergies
Summary of Vitamin D, Atopy, and Allergies
Acute Respiratory Infection
Asthma Control, Including Exacerbations
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Pathogenesis and Progression
Acute Exacerbations of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
113 - Vitamin D and Muscle Performance in Athletes
HISTORICAL LINKS BETWEEN VITAMIN D AND ATHLETIC PERFORMANCE
BASIC RESEARCH INFLUENCING INTEREST IN VITAMIN D IN ATHLETIC PERFORMANCE
Mechanisms by Which Vitamin D Acts on Skeletal Muscle
Direct Mechanism of Action—Vitamin D Receptor
CLINICAL RESEARCH INFLUENCING INTEREST IN VITAMIN D IN ATHLETIC PERFORMANCE
RECENT CLINICAL RESEARCH IN ATHLETES
Vitamin D Deficiency in Athletes
Observational Studies in Athletes
Vitamin D Intervention Studies in Athletes
Studies Showing Potential Vitamin D Benefit on Athletic Performance
Studies Showing No Benefit on Athletic Performance
114 - Vitamin D: Presence and Function in the Eye
Primary Sjögren’s Syndrome
Behçet’s Disease and Vitamin D
Genetic Basis of Vitamin D Activity in Uveitis
HLAB27 Spondyloarthropathies
AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION
Vitamin D and Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Possible Mechanisms for Vitamin D in AMD
Genetic Basis of Vitamin D Activity in AMD
Meta Analysis of Vitamin D in AMD
Genetics Basis of Vitamin D and Diabetic Retinopathy
Vitamin D and Type 1 Diabetes
115 - Adult Vitamin D Deficiency and Adverse Brain Outcomes
Cognitive Impairment and Dementia
Stroke and Traumatic Brain Injury
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Developmental Vitamin D Deficiency
Animal Models Related to Cognitive Outcomes
Animal Models Related to Alzheimer’s Disease and Amyloid-Beta
Animal Models Related to Parkinson’s Disease
Animal Models Related to Depression
Animal Models Related to Stroke and Traumatic Brain Injury
Animal Models Related to Epilepsy
116 - Vitamin D in Pregnancy and Lactation: Moving Into the Future
VITAMIN D NOMENCLATURE AND METABOLISM
VITAMIN D METABOLISM DURING PREGNANCY WHEN COMPARED WITH THE NONPREGNANT STATE INCLUDING LACTATION
OBSTETRICAL “PARANOIA” REGARDING VITAMIN D ADMINISTRATION DURING PREGNANCY
OBSERVATIONAL STUDIES SUGGESTING THE FUNCTION OF VITAMIN D EXTENDED BEYOND CALCIUM HOMEOSTASIS DURING PREGNANCY
RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS INVESTIGATING VITAMIN D SUPPLEMENTATION DURING PREGNANCY
SUPPLEMENTING VITAMIN D DURING PREGNANCY TO PREVENT CHILDHOOD ASTHMA
NEURODEVELOPMENT AND AUTOIMMUNE CONSEQUENCES
CURRENT RECOMMENDATION FOR VITAMIN D SUPPLEMENTATION DURING PREGNANCY
VITAMIN D REQUIREMENTS OF THE MOTHER/INFANT DYAD DURING LACTATION
ALTERING THE VITAMIN D CONTENT OF HUMAN MILK
INTERVENTIONAL AND RCTS TO DETERMINE IF MATERNAL VITAMIN D SUPPLEMENTATION CAN SUPPLY ADEQUATE VITAMIN D TO THE NURSING INFANT
CURRENT RECOMMENDATION FOR MATERNAL VITAMIN D SUPPLEMENTATION DURING LACTATION
117 - Vitamin D and Critically Ill Intensive Care Unit Patients
PREVALENCE OF VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY IN THE CRITICALLY ILL PATIENTS
VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY RISK FACTORS IN THE CRITICALLY ILL PATIENTS
Seasonality and Sun Exposure
Severity of Critical Illness and Organ Failure
VITAMIN D MECHANISM IN CRITICAL ILLNESS
METABOLOMICS, TRANSCRIPTOMICS, AND EPIGENETICS OF VITAMIN D
VITAMIN D AND CRITICAL ILLNESS OUTCOMES
IS VITAMIN D SUPPLEMENTATION SAFE?
Vitamin D
：Volume 2: Health, Disease and Therapeutics
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