Contents

Series list

Preface

Introduction

Part 1 Weeds

Part 2 IWM principles

Part 3 Using herbicides in IWM

Part 4 Cultural and physical methods for weed control

Part 5 Biological methods for weed control

Part 1 Weeds

Chapter 1 Weed ecology and population dynamics

1 Introduction

2 Populations: abundance

3 Populations: weed distribution

4 Target transitions: a quantitative approach to targeting weed life stages

5 Communities in arable systems

6 Agroecosystems

7 Case study: mitigating the invasive potential of a bioenergy crop species

8 Summary and future trends

9 Where to look for further information

10 References

Chapter 2 Weed-plant interactions

1 Introduction

2 Crop-weed interactions: an evolutionary perspective

3 The nature of shared resource pools

4 Direct competition for resources

5 Indirect effects of competition

6 Spatial and temporal dynamics

7 Conclusion

8 Where to look for further information

9 References

Chapter 3 Invasive weed species and their effects

1 Introduction

2 What is an invasive weed?

3 The invasion process

4 Economic effects on agricultural commodities

5 Indirect effects

6 Globalization and climate change effects

7 Applying IWM

8 Conclusion

9 Where to look for further information

10 References

Part 2 IWM principles

Chapter 4 Key issues and challenges of integrated weed management

1 Introduction

2 Tillage

3 Time of weed emergence relative to the crop

4 Critical periods for weed control

5 Crop morphology

6 Row width and seeding density to reduce weed competitiveness

7 Nutrient management

8 Crop rotation

9 Future trends and conclusion

10 Where to look for further information

11 References

Chapter 5 Ethical issues in integrated weed management1

1 Introduction

2 Ethical principles

3 Ethics in agriculture

4 Sustainability as an ethical goal

5 Conclusion

6 Where to look for further information

7 References

Chapter 6 Surveillance and monitoring of weed populations

1 Introduction

2 Temporal and spatial variation

3 Monitoring weed populations

4 Case studies: how research has been used to improve practice

5 Summary and future trends

6 Where to look for further information

7 References

Part 3 Using herbicides in IWM

Chapter 7 Site-specific weed management

1 Introduction

2 Site-specific weed management

3 Weed variability and its influence on weed management

4 Field scouting: measuring spatial and temporal variabilities of weeds

5 Other sensing methods and controlling weeds based on spatial variability

6 Results, interpretation and management decisions

7 Summary

8 Future trends in research

9 Where to look for further information

10 References

Chapter 8 Assessing and minimizing the environmental effects of herbicides

1 Introduction

2 Sources and fate of herbicides in the environment

3 Environmental effects of herbicides

4 Managing environmental effects of herbicides

5 Future trends and conclusion

6 Where to look for further information

7 References

Chapter 9 Trends in the development of herbicide-resistant weeds

1 Introduction

2 Herbicide resistance definitions

3 Resistant weeds by site of action

4 Resistant weeds by crop, region and weed family

5 Management of herbicide-resistant weeds

6 Future outlook on herbicide resistance

7 Conclusion

8 Where to look for further information

9 References

Part 4 Cultural and physical methods for weed control

Chapter 10 The role of herbicide-resistant crops in integrated weed management

1 Introduction

2 Glyphosate-resistant crops

3 Glufosinate-resistant crops

4 Imidazolinone and sulphonylurea-tolerant crops

5 New HR crop technologies

6 HR crops as part of an IWM programme

7 Summary

8 Where to find further information

9 References

Chapter 11 Cultural techniques to manage weeds

1 Introduction

2 Crop population density

3 Crop spatial arrangement

4 Sowing time and transplanting

5 Choice of crop genotype and breeding for competitive and allelopathic abilities

6 Mulching

7 Soil fertility management

8 Irrigation and flooding: depth, timing and placement

9 Effects of combining multiple practices: examples of ‘many little hammers’ at work

10 Future trends in research

11 Summary

12 Where to look for further information

13 References

Chapter 12 The use of rotations and cover crops to manage weeds

1 Introduction

2 Crop rotation in weed management

3 Cover crops in weed management

4 Opportunities for weed establishment within rotations

5 Conclusion

6 Future trends

7 Where to look for further information

8 References

Chapter 13 Developments in physical weed control

1 Introduction

2 Tillage

3 Physical weed control: overview

4 Tools, weeds and soil conditions

5 Weed–crop selectivity

6 Fundamental problems with cultivation

7 Future research priorities

8 Where to look for further information

9 References

Chapter 14 Flame weeding techniques

1 Introduction

2 Flaming specifications, effectiveness and equipment

3 Weed response to heat

4 Uses of flame weeding

5 Advantages, disadvantages and environmental impacts

6 Future research and practical recommendations

7 Where to look for further information

8 References

Chapter 15 Soil solarization: a sustainable method for weed management

1 Introduction

2 Solarization: mode of action, effect on weeds, benefits and limitations

3 Plastic mulching technologies

4 Effects of solarization on soil nutrients and pesticides

5 Solarization and integrated pest management

6 Recent applications of organic amendments and solarization in weed control

7 Concluding remarks

8 Where to look for further information

9 References

Chapter 16 Weed management in organic crop cultivation

1 Introduction

2 Tools and tactics used in organic systems

3 Farmer case studies

4 Future trends and conclusion

5 Where to look for further information

6 References

Part 5 Biological methods for weed control

Chapter 17 The use of allelopathy and competitive crop cultivars for weed suppression in cereal crops

1 Introduction: key issues and challenges

2 Competitive crops and cultural strategies in weed management

3 The effect of allelopathy on weed suppression

4 The effect of soil and environment on plant metabolites (allelochemicals)

5 Use of crop residue mulches and cover crops in weed suppression

6 Case studies: production of benzoxazinoids in cereal crops

7 Case studies: competitive cereal cultivars as a tool in integrated weed management

8 Summary and future trends

9 Where to look for further information

10 References

Chapter 18 Bioherbicides: an overview

1 Introduction

2 Natural products for targeting weed populations

3 Microbial bioherbicides and classical biological control: an overview

4 Examples of classical biological control

5 Limitations and the effects of climate change

6 Bioherbicides: inundative applications

7 Integrating bioherbicides into weed management programmes

8 Institutional changes for biological control adoption

9 Conclusion

10 Where to look for further information

11 References

Chapter 19 The use of microorganisms in integrated weed management

1 Introduction

2 The role of biopesticides

3 Historical accomplishments

4 Recent registrations

5 New discoveries under development

6 Target weed selection

7 Early discovery and screening

8 Formulation and fermentation technologies

9 Future trends and conclusion

10 Where to look for further information

11 References

Chapter 20 The use of bacteria in integrated weed management

1 Introduction

2 The case of downy brome (cheatgrass, Bromus tectorum L.)

3 Finding a biocontrol agent to manage downy brome

4 Application and results

5 Summary

6 Future trends in research

7 Where to look for further information

8 References

Chapter 21 The use of insects in integrated weed management

1 Introduction

2 Deciphering complex interactions with generalist predator communities

3 Managing fields and landscapes to enhance weed seed predation

4 Extent of regulation

5 Case study: the UK national survey farm-scale evaluation

6 Conclusion

7 Future trends

8 Acknowledgements

9 Where to look for further information

10 References

Index