Chapter
I. Ferroelectric Metal Oxides
I. Ferroelectrics: Fundamentals
1 General view of ferroelectrics: Origin of ferroelectricity in metal oxide ferroelectrics and ferroelectric properties
1.2 Macroscopic phenomenological theory of ferroelectric phase transitions
1.3 Microscopic theory of ferroelectrics: the mean field
1.4 Dynamic properties of ferroelectrics: theory
1.5 Raman, infrared, and dielectric spectroscopy of ferroelectrics
1.6 Other spectroscopic techniques
1.7 The size and mechanical strain effect in ferroelectric ceramics and thin films
2 Perovskite and Aurivillius: Types of ferroelectric metal oxides
2.2.1 Substitutions in the barium titanate lattice
2.3 Aurivillius type of ferroelectric metal oxides
2.3.1 Crystal structure of the Aurivillius type of compounds
2.3.2 Substitution in Aurivillius type of structure
3 Lead-free perovskite ferroelectrics
3.3 Alkaline bismuth titanates
3.4 Barium titanate-based piezoelectrics
4 Perovskite layer-structured ferroelectrics
4.2.1 Single and bilayer bismuth layer-structured ferroelectrics
4.2.2 Multilayer bismuth layer-structured ferroelectrics (m≥3)
II. Ferroelectric Metal Oxides: Synthesis and Deposition
5 Review of methods for powder-based processing
5.2 Solid-state synthesis of ferroelectric perovskites
5.2.2 Lead-based perovskites
5.2.4 (Na1/2Bi1/2)TiO3-based materials
5.3 Sintering of ferroelectric bulk ceramics
5.3.2 Lead-based perovskites
5.3.3 (K,Na)NbO3-based ferroelectrics
5.3.4 (Na1/2Bi1/2)TiO3-based ferroelectrics
6 Chemical synthesis and epitaxial growth methods for the preparation of ferroelectric ceramics and thin films
6.2 Chemical synthesis of ferroelectric ceramic powders
6.2.1 Polymeric precursor method (Pechini method)
6.2.3 Wet-chemical precipitation method (coprecipitation method)
6.2.4 Molten salt synthesis
6.2.5 Hydrothermal synthesis
6.3 Epitaxial ferroelectric films: growth methods
7 Nanosized ferroelectrics: Preparation, properties, and applications
7.1 Synthesis of nanostructured ferroelectrics
7.2 Piezoresponse force microscopy
7.2.1 Piezoresponse force microscopy technique: A brief overview
7.2.2 Ferroelectric domains and piezoresponse images
7.2.3 Polarity controlled
7.3 Potential applications of nanosized ferroelectrics
8 Nanosized BaTiO3-based systems
8.1 Fundamentals of undoped BaTiO3 systems
8.2 State of the art of nanosized BaTiO3-based systems
8.2.1 BaTiO3 nanopowders: Synthesis methods, parameters controlling particle size and morphology, size effects
8.2.2 BaTiO3 nanostructured ceramics: Elaboration, correlations structure–microstructure–electrical behavior, size effects
8.2.3 BaTiO3 thin films: Preparation techniques, the influence of intrinsic and extrinsic contributions on the functional p...
8.2.4 BaTiO3 one-dimensional nanostructures: Preparation and properties
8.3 Recent approach to nanosized BaTiO3-based systems
8.3.2 Undoped and doped BaTiO3 nanopowders prepared by wet-chemical methods
8.3.3 Undoped and doped nanostructured BaTiO3 ceramics consolidated by spark plasma sintering
8.3.4 Undoped and homovalently doped multilayer BaTiO3 thin films
8.3.4.1 Multilayer BaTiO3 thin films prepared by RF-magnetron sputtering
8.3.4.2 Multilayer Ba(Ti,Zr)O3 thin films prepared by the sol-gel method
8.3.5 Donor-doped BaTiO3 one-dimensional nanostructures prepared by template-mediated colloidal chemistry
8.4 Conclusions and trends
9 Ecological, lead-free ferroelectrics
9.1 Lead-free ferroelectrics
9.2 Preparation of lead-free piezoelectric ceramics with perovskite structure
9.3 Properties of lead-free piezoelectric ceramics
9.3.1 Aurivillius-type structure ceramics
9.3.3 Bismuth-sodium titanates
9.3.4 Barium-calcium titanate-zirconate
9.3.5 Comparative data on properties for lead-free compositions
9.4 Future trends in the development of lead-free ferropiezoelectric ceramics
III. Ferroelectric Metal Oxides Application
10 Compositionally-graded ferroelectric ceramics and multilayers for electronic and sensing applications
10.1 Review of the current situation
10.2.1 Graded bulk BST (Ba,Sr)TiO3 ceramics
10.2.2 Graded epitaxial multilayers
10.3 Conclusions and trends
11 Review of the most common relaxor ferroelectrics and their applications
11.2 Lead-based perovskite relaxors
11.2.1 Lead magnesium niobate (PMN)
11.2.3 Lead zinc niobate (PZN)
11.3 Bismuth-layered perovskite relaxors
11.3.1 BaBi2Ta2O9 and BaBi2Nb2O9
12 Tunable ferroelectrics for frequency agile microwave and THz devices
12.2 Techniques for measuring permittivity at microwave frequencies
12.2.1 General properties of ferroelectric materials and figure of merit for microwave applications
12.2.2 Microwave characterization techniques of ferroelectric materials
12.2.2.1 Nonresonant methods
Transmission/reflection method
12.2.2.2 Resonant methods
Resonant-perturbation method
Coplanar resonator method
12.3 Ferroelectrics at THz frequencies
13 Piezoelectric energy harvesting device based on quartz as a power generator
13.2 Low-power piezoelectric EH generator
13.2.2 Cutting hard and brittle materials
13.3 Process manufacturing and functional experiments of quartz EH
14.2 Nonvolatile memory device operation
14.3 Radio frequency-sputtered CaCu3Ti4O12 thin film
14.4 Spin-coated CaCu3Ti4O12 thin films
II. Magnetic and Multiferroic Metal Oxides
IV. Magnetic Oxides: Ferromagnetics, Antiferromagnetics and Ferrimagnetics
15 Theory of ferrimagnetism and ferrimagnetic metal oxides
15.2 Magnetic fields in materials
15.3.3 Antiferromagnetism
15.5 Theoretical aspects of ferrimagnetism
15.5.1 Superexchange in spinel ferrites
15.5.2 Ion distribution in spinel ferrites
15.5.2.2 Crystal field effect
15.5.2.4 Short-range interaction energy
15.5.2.5 Ordering in spinel ferrites
15.5.2.6 Superexchange in ferrimagnetic ferrites
15.5.2.7 Néel linear model (molecular field theory)
16 Metal oxide structure, crystal chemistry, and magnetic properties
16.1 Magnetic elements/ions
16.3 Magnetism of magnetic oxides
16.3.1 Magnetism of metal-oxide nanoparticles
16.4 Representative structures of magnetic oxides
16.4.3 Magnetoplumbite structure
16.4.4 Other common structures in magnetic oxides
17 Review of methods for the preparation of magnetic metal oxides
17.2 Synthesis of metal magnetic oxides
17.2.1.1 Precipitation processing
17.2.1.2 Microemulsion processing
17.2.1.4 Hydrothermal and solvothermal methods
17.2.1.5 Thermal decomposition processing
17.2.1.6 Sonochemical methods
17.2.1.7 Solution-combustion synthesis (autocombustion processing)
17.2.3 Biological methods
17.3 Synthesis of multiferroic materials
18 Ferrite-based composites for microwave absorbing applications
18.2 Theoretic considerations
18.2.1 Magnetic resonances
18.2.1.1 Domain wall resonance
18.2.1.2 Natural resonance
18.2.1.3 Permeability spectra of natural resonance
Intrinsic resonant frequency (fr)
18.2.2 Effects on magnetic properties of ferrite composites
18.2.2.1 Volume concentration
18.2.2.3 Particle size and shape
18.2.2.4 Damping and dispersion
18.3 Barium ferrite composites
19 Soft ferrite applications
19.1 Characterization of ferrite material
19.2 Passive ferrite components
19.2.1 Surface-mount device ferrite components
19.2.2 LTCC ferrite components
20 Biomedical applications
20.2 Biomedical applications of magnetic oxides
20.2.1 Magnetic oxide sensors
20.2.2 Magnetic oxide labels
20.2.3 Magnetic oxide contrast agents
20.2.3.1 Magnetic contrast agents of nuclear magnetic resonance imaging and related techniques
20.2.3.2 Magnetic contrast agents of X-ray computed tomography
20.2.3.3 Magnetic contrasts of positron emission tomography
20.2.3.4 Magnetic contrasts of single photon emission computed tomography
20.2.4 Magnetic oxide diagnostics and therapy applications
20.2.4.1 Medical diagnostics
20.2.5 Other magnetic oxide techniques and applications
20.2.5.1 Magnetic separation
20.2.5.2 Magnetic tweezers
V. Multiferroics: Fundamentals
21 Ferroelectric perovskite–spinel ferrite ceramics
21.2 Ceramic composites of Nb-doped Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 with MnFe2O4
21.3 Nb-doped Pb(Zr,Ti)O3-ferrite composites prepared by in situ sol-gel combustion method
22 Single-phase, composite and laminate multiferroics
22.2 Single-phase multiferroics
22.3 Magnetoelectric multiferroic composites
22.3.1 Particulate composites
22.3.2 Laminate composites
VI. Multiferroic Metal Oxides: Properties and Applications
23 Single and heterostructure multiferroic thin films
23.2 Elements of thin-film growth: Thin films versus multiferroics
23.2.1 Growth stress in thin films
23.2.2 Thin-film configuration
23.2.3 Strain engineering in multiferroic thin films
23.3 Pertinence of multiferroic thin films: Multiferroics versus thin films
23.3.1 Thin films and spintronics application of multiferroics
23.3.2 Availability and classification
23.3.2.2 Type I multiferroic perovskites
23.3.2.3 Type II multiferroic perovskites
24 BiFeO3 ceramics and thick films: Processing issues and electromechanical properties
24.2 Polarization switching, piezoelectricity, and local electrical conductivity
25 Properties of single multiferroics: Complex transition metal oxides
25.2 Classification of single multiferroics
25.3 A-site driven ferroelectricity multiferroics
25.4 Geometrically driven ferroelectricity multiferroics
25.5 Charge ordering driven ferroelectricity multiferroics
25.6 Type I multiferroics with complex or unknown origin of ferroelectricity
25.7 Magnetically driven ferroelectrics: Type II multiferroics
25.7.1 Inverse Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction-driven ferroelectrics
25.7.2 Magnetostriction-driven ferroelectrics
25.7.3 Proper screw spin systems
26 Bulk composite multiferroics: BaTiO3-ferrites
26.1 Preparation procedures of bulk multiferroics
26.2 Ferroelectric-dependent electrical properties of the multiferroics
26.3 Ferrite-dependent magnetic properties of multiferroics
27 Complex composites: Polymer matrix-ferroics or multiferroics
28 Ferroelectric, ferromagnetic, and multiferroic heterostructures for possible applications as tunnel junctions
28.2 Ferroelectric nonvolatile memories
28.3 Ferroelectric tunnel junctions
28.4 Critical thickness for the existence of ferroelectricity
28.5 Magnetic tunnel junctions
28.6 Multiferroic tunnel junctions
28.7 Multiferroic heterostructure-based tunnel junctions
28.8 Tunneling electroresistance for the realization of nondestructive ferroelectric polarization readout
28.9 Advantages of band excitation over single frequency excitation piezoresponse force microscopy
28.10 Summary and outlook
Magnetic, Ferroelectric, and Multiferroic Metal Oxides
( Metal Oxides )
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