Title Page

Copyright Page

Contents

Preface

Foreword

Editor biographies

Abbreviations

Section 1 Background to undernutrition

Chapter 1.1 Definitions and prevalence of undernutrition

1.1.1 Undernutrition: definition and diagnostic criteria

1.1.2 Prevalence of undernutrition

References

Chapter 1.2 Physiological causes of undernutrition

1.2.1 Altered metabolism

1.2.2 Reduced oral intake

1.2.3 Reduced absorption

References

Chapter 1.3 Socioeconomic causes of undernutrition

1.3.1 Introduction

1.3.2 Socioeconomic differences in diet and nutrition

1.3.3 Food insecurity

1.3.4 Food security and socioeconomic factors

1.3.5 Psychology of undernutrition

1.3.6 Summary

References

Chapter 1.4 Institutional causes of undernutrition

1.4.1 Introduction

1.4.2 Identification and consequences of institutional undernutrition

1.4.3 Determinants of institutional undernutrition

1.4.4 Causes of undernutrition in long‐term care

References

Chapter 1.5 Consequences of undernutrition

1.5.1 Introduction and background

1.5.2 Physical consequences of undernutrition

1.5.3 Psychological consequences of undernutrition

1.5.4 Economic consequences of undernutrition

1.5.5 Summary

References

Section 2 Identification of undernutrition

Chapter 2.1 Nutritional screening

2.1.1 Introduction

2.1.2 Purpose of screening

2.1.3 Screening methods

2.1.4 Process following screening

2.1.5 Implementing screening in healthcare settings

2.1.6 Conclusion

References

Chapter 2.2 Nutritional assessment

2.2.1 Background

2.2.2 Process of nutrition assessment

2.2.3 Summary

References

Chapter 2.3 Anthropometric assessment of undernutrition

2.3.1 Introduction

2.3.2 Weight

2.3.3 Height

2.3.4 Body mass index

2.3.5 Mid-upper arm circumference

2.3.6 Triceps skinfold

2.3.7 Mid-arm muscle circumference

2.3.8 Calf circumference

2.3.9 Bioelectrical impedance analysis

References

Chapter 2.4 Biochemical assessment in undernutrition

2.4.1 Introduction

2.4.2 Baseline biochemical tests

2.4.3 Biochemical interpretation and application

2.4.4 Summary

References

Chapter 2.5 Clinical assessment of undernutrition

2.5.1 Introduction

2.5.2 Functional assessment of nutritional status

2.5.3 Clinical status

2.5.4 Conclusion

References

Chapter 2.6 Dietary assessment in undernutrition

2.6.1 Introduction

2.6.2 Determining the ‘ideal’ dietary assessment

2.6.3 The utility of traditional dietary assessment methods

2.6.4 Retrospective methods of dietary assessment

2.6.5 Prospective methods of dietary assessment

2.6.6 Summary

References

Chapter 2.7 Advanced imaging techniques for assessment of undernutrition

2.7.1 Introduction

2.7.2 Advances in imaging techniques

2.7.3 Summary

References

Section 3 Nutritional requirements in nutrition support

Chapter 3.1 Fluid requirements and assessment in nutrition support

3.1.1 Hydration status: physiopathology

3.1.2 Assessment of hydration status

3.1.3 Summary

References

Chapter 3.2 Energy requirements in nutrition support

3.2.1 Introduction

3.2.2 Measurement of energy expenditure

3.2.3 Estimation of total energy requirements

3.2.4 Summary

References

Chapter 3.3 Protein requirements in nutrition support

3.3.1 Metabolic requirement for protein

3.3.2 Assessment of protein requirements

3.3.3 Amino acid requirements

3.3.4 Protein requirements of older adults

3.3.5 Protein requirements in acute illness

References

Chapter 3.4 Water-soluble vitamins in nutrition support

3.4.1 Introduction

3.4.2 Vitamin recommendations

3.4.3 Water-soluble vitamins

3.4.4 Summary

References

Chapter 3.5 Fat-soluble vitamins in nutrition support

3.5.1 Introduction

3.5.2 The normal diet

3.5.3 Effects of disease onabsorpti on and metabolism of fat-soluble vitamins

3.5.4 Undernutrition and acute illness

3.5.5 Vitamin A

3.5.6 Vitamin D

3.5.7 Vitamin E

3.5.8 Vitamin K

3.5.9 Summary

References

Chapter 3.6 Minerals in nutrition support

3.6.1 Introduction

3.6.2 Electrolytes

3.6.3 Trace elements

3.6.4 Other trace elements

3.6.5 Mineral requirements for enteral and parenteral nutrition

References

Section 4 Nutritional interventions to prevent and treat undernutrition

Chapter 4.1 Population and community interventions to prevent and treat undernutrition

4.1.1 Introduction

4.1.2 Current policy on undernutrition

4.1.3 Community interventions to tackle undernutrition

4.1.4 Conclusions, challenges and the future

References

Chapter 4.2 Institutional interventions to prevent and treat undernutrition

4.2.1 Introduction

4.2.2 Creating a culture of nutrition support within institutions

4.2.3 Improving food services

4.2.4 Creating positive mealtime environments

4.2.5 System-level nutrition processes: how to implement change into practice

4.2.6 Summary

References

Chapter 4.3 Oral nutrition support to prevent and treat undernutrition

4.3.1 Introduction

4.3.2 Outcomes appropriate for the assessment of effectiveness of oral nutrition support

4.3.3 Oral nutrition support options

4.3.4 Evidence for food-based options

4.3.5 Oral nutrition supplements

4.3.6 Food-based interventions combined with oral nutrition supplements

4.3.7 Supportive strategies aiming to improve oral nutrition intake

4.3.8 Summary

References

Chapter 4.4 Enteral nutrition to prevent and treat undernutrition

4.4.1 Introduction

4.4.2 Enteral nutrition formulas

4.4.3 Disease-specific formula

4.4.4 Administering enteral nutrition

4.4.5 Outcomes of patients treated with enteral nutrition

References

Chapter 4.5 Parenteral nutrition to prevent and treat undernutrition

4.5.1 Indications for parenteral nutrition

4.5.2 Routes of parenteral nutrition

4.5.3 Formulation of parenteral nutrition

4.5.4 Monitoring

4.5.5 Complications of parenteral nutrition

4.5.6 Conclusion

References

Section 5 Undernutrition and nutrition support in clinical specialties

Chapter 5.1 Nutrition support in paediatrics

5.1.1 Introduction

5.1.2 Definition of undernutrition in paediatrics

5.1.3 Prevalence of undernutrition in paediatrics

5.1.4 Common causes of undernutrition in paediatrics

5.1.5 Pathophysiology of undernutrition in paediatrics

5.1.6 Consequences of undernutrition in paediatrics

5.1.7 Identifying undernutrition in paediatrics

5.1.8 Frequency of monitoring, catch‐up growth and follow‐up in paediatrics

5.1.9 Nutrient requirements during undernutrition in paediatrics

5.1.10 Feeding advice as part of the management of undernutrition in paediatrics

5.1.11 Nutrition intervention for infants and children with faltering growth

References

Chapter 5.2 Nutrition support in anorexia nervosa

5.2.1 Introduction

5.2.2 Anorexia nervosa

5.2.3 Nutritional assessment in anorexia nervosa

5.2.4 Nutritional, psychological and pharmacological intervention in anorexia nervosa

References

Chapter 5.3 Nutrition support in older adults

5.3.1 Introduction

5.3.2 Prevalence of undernutrition

5.3.3 Causes of undernutrition in older adults

5.3.4 Consequences of undernutrition

5.3.5 Assessment and diagnosis of undernutrition in older adults

5.3.6 Nutritional interventions

References

Chapter 5.4 Nutrition support in neurological disorders

5.4.1 Introduction

5.4.2 Undernutrition: prevalence, causes and consequences

5.4.3 Screening and assessment of nutrition status in neurological disorders

5.4.4 Nutrition intervention

References

Chapter 5.5 Nutrition support in spinal cord injury

5.5.1 Introduction

5.5.2 Causes and mechanisms of undernutrition after spinal cord injury

5.5.3 Nutrition-related complications in spinal cord injury

5.5.4 Assessment and diagnosis of undernutrition in spinal cord injury

5.5.5 Nutrition intervention

5.5.6 Summary

References

Chapter 5.6 Nutrition support in pulmonary and cardiac disease

5.6.1 Undernutrition in cardiopulmonary disease

5.6.2 Mechanisms for weight loss and muscle wasting

5.6.3 Consequences of undernutrition

5.6.4 Nutritional assessment

5.6.5 Nutrition management

5.6.6 Future directions and conclusions

References

Chapter 5.7 Nutrition support in diabetes

5.7.1 Introduction

5.7.2 Hyperglycaemia in hospitalised patients with diabetes

5.7.3 Undernutrition in diabetes

5.7.4 Oral nutrition support in diabetes

5.7.5 Enteral nutrition in diabetes

5.7.6 Parenteral nutrition in diabetes

5.7.7 Conclusion

References

Chapter 5.8 Nutrition support in pancreatitis

5.8.1 Acute pancreatitis

5.8.2 Chronic pancreatitis

5.8.3 Nutritional assessment in chronic pancreatitis

5.8.4 Nutritional requirements

5.8.5 Nutrition intervention in chronic pancreatitis

5.8.6 Monitoring

References

Chapter 5.9 Nutrition support in inflammatory bowel disease

5.9.1 Undernutrition in inflammatory bowel disease

5.9.2 Assessment and diagnosis of undernutrition

5.9.3 Dietary management

5.9.4 Long-term impact

References

Chapter 5.10 Nutrition support in intestinal failure

5.10.1 Introduction

5.10.2 Nutrition interventions

5.10.3 Intestinal transplantation

5.10.4 Future interventions

References

Chapter 5.11 Nutrition support in liver disease

5.11.1 Liver disease

5.11.2 Causes and consequences of undernutrition in liver disease

5.11.3 Nutritional assessment of patients with liver disease

5.11.4 Nutrition support in liver disease

5.11.5 Specific aspects of nutritional management in liver disease

5.11.6 Lessons for practice

References

Chapter 5.12 Nutrition support in kidney disease

5.12.1 Introduction

5.12.2 Undernutrition in kidney disease

5.12.3 Aetiology of undernutrition in kidney disease

5.12.4 Consequences of undernutrition in kidney disease

5.12.5 Assessment of undernutrition in kidney disease

5.12.6 Nutritional management of undernutrition in kidney disease

5.12.7 Conclusions

References

Chapter 5.13 Nutrition support in critical care

5.13.1 Overview of undernutrition in critical illness

5.13.2 Mechanisms of undernutrition in critical illness

5.13.3 Metabolic and nutritional consequences of critical illness

5.13.4 Assessment and diagnosis of undernutrition in critical illness

5.13.5 Nutritional management and interventions in critical illness

5.13.6 Summary

References

Chapter 5.14 Nutrition support in burn injury

5.14.1 Incidence and severity of burn

5.14.2 Pathophysiology and impact of undernutrition

5.14.3 Nutrition assessment and monitoring

5.14.4 Route and timing of nutrition support

5.14.5 Energy and nutrient requirements

5.14.6 Immuno-nutrition

5.14.7 Non-nutritional management of hypermetabolism

5.14.8 Summary

References

Chapter 5.15 Nutrition support in orthopaedics

5.15.1 Introduction

5.15.2 Undernutrition in orthopaedic inpatient populations

5.15.3 Nutrition screening in orthopaedic settings

5.15.4 Nutrition assessment and nutritional diagnosis

5.15.5 Estimating requirements for  orthopaedic conditions

5.15.6 Approaches to the management of undernutrition in orthopaedic patients

5.15.7 Monitoring and evaluation in orthopaedic patients

References

Chapter 5.16 Nutrition support in HIV infection

5.16.1 Background and prevalence of undernutrition in HIV

5.16.2 Causes of undernutrition in HIV

5.16.3 Consequences of undernutrition in HIV

5.16.4 Nutritional assessment and diagnosis of undernutrition in HIV

5.16.5 Clinical and nutritional management of undernutrition in HIV

5.16.6 Future research needs

5.16.7 Resources

References

Chapter 5.17 Nutrition support in oncology

5.17.1 Introduction

5.17.2 Background to undernutrition in cancer

5.17.3 Causes and mechanisms of undernutrition during cancer treatment

5.17.4 Consequences of undernutrition in cancer

5.17.5 Assessment and diagnosis of undernutrition in cancer

5.17.6 Interventions for nutrition support in cancer

5.17.7 Undernutrition and living with and beyond cancer

5.17.8 Palliative care

5.17.9 Summary

References

Chapter 5.18 Nutrition support in palliative care

5.18.1 Introduction

5.18.2 Undernutrition in palliative care

5.18.3 Nutrition support in palliative care

5.18.4 Palliative care and nutrition support decision making

5.18.5 Food and hydration at the end of life

5.18.6 Decision-making tools and options for nutrition interventions

5.18.7 Early communication and application to nutrition practice

References

Index

EULA