Front Cover

Fundamental Biomaterials: Ceramics

Copyright

Contents

List of contributors

Chapter 1: Bioceramics—An introductory overview

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Overall classification of biomaterials

1.2.1 Natural biomaterials

1.2.2 Synthetic biomaterials

1.2.2.1 Metals as biomaterials

1.2.2.2 Polymers

1.2.2.3 Composites

1.2.2.4 Ceramics

1.2.3 General criteria for selection of ceramics for medical applications

1.3 Ceramics as biomaterials

1.3.1 Reabsorbable ceramics

1.3.2 Bioreactive or bioactive ceramics

1.3.3 Bioinert ceramics

1.4 Ceramics biocomposites as biomaterials

1.5 Ceramics as biomimetic materials

1.6 Bioceramics in the human body and its applications

1.7 Synopsis of ceramics biomaterials

1.7.1 Nearly inert ceramics

1.7.2 Alumina oxide (Al2O3)

1.7.3 Zirconia bioceramics

1.7.4 Carbon materials

1.7.5 Porous bioceramics materials

1.8 Bioactive bioceramics

1.8.1 Bioactive glasses

1.8.2 Bioactive glass-ceramics

1.8.3 Organic-inorganic composite

1.8.4 Magnetic glasses and glass-ceramics mixtures

1.8.5 Calcium phosphate cement

1.8.6 Ordered mesoporous silica materials

1.8.7 Bioresorbable ceramics

1.9 Bioceramics at nanoscale

1.9.1 In vitro performance of nanoceramics

1.10 Ceramic nanofibers as biomaterials

1.10.1 Bioceramics scaffolds for tissue engineering

1.11 Bioceramics coating on implants and drug delivery

1.12 Conclusion and future directions

References

Further reading

Chapter 2: Development of ceramic-controlled piezoelectric devices for biomedical applications

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Piezoelectric materials

2.2.1 Naturally existing piezoelectric crystals

2.2.2 Naturally occurring materials other than crystals

2.3 Piezoceramics for biomedical applications

2.3.1 Piezoelectric ceramics as biosensor

2.3.2 Piezoelectric biosensor using PZT ceramic resonator as the transducer

2.3.3 Fabrication of ceramic resonator-based biosensor

2.3.4 Immobilization of antibody to ceramic resonator surface

2.3.4.1 Optimization of piezoelectric ceramic resonators

2.3.5 Piezoelectric ceramics for medical bioimaging

2.3.6 Basic principle of transducers used in bioimaging

2.4 Lead-free materials for piezoelectric ceramics for medical imaging

2.4.1 Piezoelectric ceramics as artificial pacemakers

2.4.2 Ceramic-controlled piezoelectric of single disk for biomedical applications

2.5 Conclusion

References

Chapter 3: Maxillofacial bioceramics in tissue engineering: Production techniques, properties, and applications

3.1 Introduction

3.1.1 General ceramic production methods

3.1.2 Nanocomposites

3.2 Aluminum oxide (Al2O3)

3.2.1 Physical properties

3.2.2 Mechanical properties

3.2.3 Medical-grade alumina

3.2.4 Current alumina bioceramics

3.2.5 Alumina bioceramics: New generation

3.2.5.1 Alumina: Biolox family

3.2.5.2 Other zirconia-toughened alumina (ZTA)

3.3 Zirconium dioxide (ZrO2) and PSZ

3.4 Bioactive glass

3.4.1 Synthesis of bioactive glass

3.4.1.1 Production of nanoparticles by gas phase or flame spray synthesis

3.4.1.2 Laser-spinning approach

3.4.1.3 Microemulsion approach

3.4.1.4 Sol-gel approach

3.4.2 Biological and adhesion properties

3.4.2.1 Interfacial bond strength to bone

3.4.2.2 Bioactivity of the glass

3.4.3 Biomedical applications

3.4.3.1 Ear, nose, throat, and maxillofacial applications

3.4.3.2 Bone graft applications

3.4.3.3 Treatment for dentin hypersensitivity

3.5 Calcium phosphate

3.5.1 Sol-gel nanohydroxyapatite

3.5.2 Nanocoated coralline apatite

3.6 Concluding remarks

References

Chapter 4: Ceramic biomaterials for tissue engineering

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Bioceramic materials concepts

4.2.1 Alumina and zirconia

4.2.2 Bioactive glasses and glass-ceramics

4.2.3 Calcium phosphates

4.2.3.1 Calcium phosphates-based cements

4.3 Bioceramics applications in tissue engineering

4.4 Clinical trials

4.5 Concluding remarks and future outlook

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 5: Inert ceramics

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Ceramic biomaterial

5.2.1 Zirconia as bioceramics

5.2.1.1 Esthetic aspect and biocompatibility of zirconia ceramics

5.3 Alumina as bioceramics

5.4 Bioinert ceramics

5.5 Conclusions

References

Further reading

Chapter 6: Bioactive glass-ceramics

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Bioactive glass-ceramic materials: An overview

6.2.1 Glass, ceramics, and glass-ceramics

6.2.2 Bioactive glass and glass-ceramics

6.2.3 Bioactive glass-ceramics: Present status and past scenario

6.2.4 Futuristic bioactive glass-ceramic materials

6.3 Conclusions with other remarks

Acknowledgment

References

Chapter 7: Bioceramics as drug delivery systems

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Use of various drugs for bone tissue applications

7.2.1 Bisphosphonates

7.2.2 Antiinflammatory analgesics

7.2.3 Antibiotics

7.2.4 Anticancer drugs

7.2.5 Others

7.3 Composition and processing of bioceramic matrices for drug delivery

7.3.1 Bioactive glasses

7.3.2 Mineral bone cements

7.3.3 Processing of bioceramics for drug delivery

7.4 Kinetic models of drug release (Higuchi, Korsmeyer-Peppas)

7.4.1 Power law (Korsmeyer-Peppas)

7.4.2 Higuchi model

7.4.3 Baker-Lonsdale model

7.5 Release-influencing matrix parameters

7.6 Analytical tools to determine drug release and pharmaceutical activity of released drugs

7.6.1 High-performance liquid chromatography

7.6.1.1 UV/Vis-detector

7.6.1.2 Photo diode array detector

7.6.1.3 Fluorescence detector

7.6.1.4 Refractive-index detector

7.6.2 Biological testing systems

7.6.2.1 Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

7.6.2.2 Biological assays

7.6.3 Spectroscopic methods

References

Further reading

Chapter 8: Bioceramics in orthopaedics: A review

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Bioceramics and orthopaedics

8.3 Classification of bioceramics

8.4 Inert bioceramics

8.4.1 Alumina

8.4.2 Zirconia

8.4.3 Carbon

8.5 Bioactive ceramics

8.5.1 Bioglass

8.5.2 Glass-ceramics

8.5.3 Hydroxyapatite [HA]

8.6 Resorbable ceramics

8.6.1 Calcium phosphate

8.7 Summary and conclusion

References

Further reading

Chapter 9: Corrosion of ceramic materials

9.1 Introduction

9.1.1 What are ceramic materials?

9.1.2 Types of ceramic materials

9.1.3 Classification of technical ceramics

9.2 Corrosion

9.2.1 Corrosion of crystalline materials

9.2.2 Corrosion of noncrystalline materials

9.3 Corrosion analysis

9.3.1 Corrosion testing

9.3.2 Corrosion test methods

9.4 Categorization of corroded glasses based on their composition profiles

9.5 Effect of corrosion and erosion on the properties of ceramic materials

9.5.1 Effect of acidic agents on surface roughness of ceramics

9.5.2 Performance of ceramic in severe environments

9.5.3 Effect of stress corrosion cracking on mechanical strength of ceramics

9.5.4 Corrosion in glassy materials

9.5.5 Corrosion of specific glassy materials

9.6 Minimization of corrosion

9.7 Conclusion

References

Chapter 10: Nanostructured bioceramics and applications

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Hydroxyapatite (HAp)

10.2.1 Structure of HAp

10.2.2 Synthesis of HAp

10.2.2.1 Wet chemical precipitation method

10.2.2.2 Sol-gel method

10.2.2.3 Hydrothermal method

10.2.2.4 Microwave irradiation method

10.2.3 Properties of HAp

10.3 Applications of HAp

10.4 Applications of HAp in heavy metal/dyes/organic pollutant adsorption

10.5 Conclusions

References

Further reading

Chapter 11: Synthesis, microstructure, and properties of high-strength porous ceramics

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Processing methods

11.3 Microstructure-processing relationship

11.4 Application of porous ceramics

11.5 Conclusion

References

Further reading

Chapter 12: Bioactive ceramic composite material stability, characterization, and bonding to bone

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Bioactive ceramic composite materials

12.2.1 Calcium-phosphate-based bioactive ceramic composite

12.2.2 Bioactive glasses composites

12.2.3 Bioactive glass-ceramics

12.2.4 Bioactive composites

12.3 Bioactivity of bioactive ceramic materials and bone bonding

12.3.1 In vitro bioactivity studies

12.3.1.1 In vitro assessment with SBF

12.3.1.2 In vitro cell studies

12.3.1.3 Tools/techniques to determine a bioactive response

12.3.2 In vivo bioactivity study

12.4 Conclusions and future trends

References

Further reading

Chapter 13: Calcium-orthophosphate-based bioactive ceramics

13.1 Introduction

13.2 General knowledge and definitions

13.3 Bioceramics of CaPO4

13.3.1 History

13.3.2 Chemical composition and preparation

13.3.3 Forming and shaping

13.3.4 Sintering and firing

13.4 The major properties

13.4.1 Mechanical properties

13.4.2 Electric/dielectric and piezoelectric properties

13.4.3 Possible transparency

13.4.4 Porosity

13.5 Biomedical applications

13.5.1 Self-setting (self-hardening) formulations

13.5.2 CaPO4 deposits (coatings, films, and layers)

13.5.3 Functionally graded bioceramics

13.6 Biological properties and in vivo behavior

13.6.1 Interactions with surrounding tissues and the host responses

13.6.2 Osteoinduction

13.6.3 Biodegradation

13.6.4 Bioactivity

13.6.5 Cellular response

13.7 Nonbiomedical applications of CaPO4

13.8 CaPO4 bioceramics in tissue engineering

13.8.1 Tissue engineering

13.8.2 Scaffolds and their properties

13.8.3 Bioceramic scaffolds from CaPO4

13.8.4 A clinical experience

13.9 Conclusions and outlook

References

Chapter 14: Effects of the biological environment on ceramics: Degradation, cell response, and in vivo behavior

14.1 The concept of biocompatibility: A short overview

14.2 Assessing the biocompatibility of bioceramics

14.3 Biological behavior of almost-inert bioceramics

14.3.1 Aluminum oxide (alumina)

14.3.2 Zirconium oxide (zirconia) and its composites

14.3.3 Titanium oxide (titania)

14.3.4 Hard bioceramics and hard coatings

14.3.5 Carbon-based materials

14.4 Biological behavior of bioactive glasses and glass-ceramics

14.5 Biological behavior of bioresorbable ceramics

14.6 Influence of the ceramic particle size on degradation and biological response

14.7 Evolution of mechanical properties in vitro and in vivo

14.8 Conclusions

References

Further reading

Chapter 15: Toxicity of nanomaterials to biomedical applications— A review

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Biomedical applications of nanomaterials

15.2.1 Silver

15.2.2 Quantum dots

15.2.3 Gold

15.2.4 Carbon nanotubes

15.2.5 Titanium dioxide

15.2.6 Zinc oxide

15.2.7 Bioceramics

15.3 Biodistribution and metabolism of nanomaterials

15.4 Toxicity of nanomaterials

15.4.1 In vitro toxicity to cell lines

15.4.2 In vivo toxicity

15.4.2.1 Zebra fish as an in vivo model for toxicity studies

15.4.2.2 Reproductive toxicity

15.4.2.3 Developmental abnormality

15.4.2.4 Immunotoxicity

15.4.2.5 Organogenesis

Respiratory toxicity

Neuronal toxicity

Eye development

Hepato- and nephrotoxicity

Hematological toxicity

15.5 Mechanism of toxicity of silver nanomaterials

15.6 Physicochemical properties and toxicity of nanomaterials

15.6.1 Size

15.6.2 Particle shape

15.6.3 Concentration

15.6.4 Charge

15.6.5 Coating

15.7 Summary and conclusions

References

Further reading

Index

Back Cover