Chapter
Section I: Central Nervous System Infections: Current Trends in Diagnosis, Treatment and Prophylaxis
Chapter 1: Meningitis: Current Understanding and Management
2.1.2. Clinical Characteristics
2.1.3. Clinical Presentation and Differential Diagnoses2-4
2.1.5. Management and Prognosis3,4
2.2. Bacterial Meningitis4,5
2.2.2. Etiopathogenesis5-7
2.2.3. The Predisposing Risk Factors
2.2.4. Clinical Presentation and Differential Diagnosis12
2.2.5. Differential Diagnosis of Bacterial Meningitis
2.2.8. Precautions to Prevent the Spread and Recurrence
2.2.9. Prognosis: Morbidity and Mortality5-15
2.3. Fungal Meningitis1,16
2.3.2. Clinical Characteristics1,16-18
2.3.3. Differential Diagnosis
2.3.4. Management1,16,18,20
2.4. Parasitic Meningitis25,26
2.4.2. Clinical Etiopathologic Characteristics
2.4.3. Clinical Presentations and Their Management25-27
2.5. Chemical Meningitis28,29
2.5.3. Clinical Presentations
2.5.4. Management and Prognosis
2.6. Neoplastic/Carcinomatous Meningitis30,31
2.6.2. General Characteristics
2.6.3. Clinical Symptomatology30-32
2.6.4. Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis32
2.6.5. Management and Prognosis30-32
3. Conclusions1-4,10,11,16,25,27,28,32
Chapter 2: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Central Nervous System Catheter Infections
2. Hosts at Risk of Infection
4.1. Biofilm Evasion of Immune Response
6. Diagnosis of Infection
9. Conclusions and Outstanding Questions
Chapter 3: Molecular Diagnosis of CNS Viral Infections
2. Techniques for the Diagnosis of Neuroviral Infections
2.2. Lumbar Puncture and CSF Analysis
2.5. Molecular Methodologies
2.5.1. CSF Nucleic Acid Amplification Using Polymerase Chain Reaction
2.5.3. Luminex Technology
3. Patents on Molecular Diagnosis of CNS Viral Infections
4. Future Scope for Diagnosis of CNS Viral Infections
Chapter 4: Vaccines Against Central Nervous System Infections: Past Achievements and Future Challenges
2. Epidemiology of Meningitis
3. Epidemiology of Encephalitis
4. Vaccines Against H. influenzae
5. Vaccines Against S. pneumoniae
6. Vaccines Against N. meningitidis
7. Vaccines Against Measles and Mumps
Chapter 5: Metal Nanoparticles in Management of Diseases of the Central Nervous System
2.1. Infectious CNS Diseases
2.2. Noninfectious CNS Diseases
3. Treatment Strategies in the Management of CNS Diseases and Their Limitations
4. Nanoneuromedicines and Its Necessity
5. Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials in the Management of CNS Diseases
5.1. Nanoparticles-Aided Neuroimaging
5.1.1. Magnetic Nanoparticles
5.1.2. Organic Nanomaterials
5.2. Nanomaterials-Mediated Drug Delivery
6. Nanoparticles-Based Neurotoxicity
Chapter 6: Natural Products as Immune System Modulators, and Against Infections of the Central Nervous System
2. Natural Products as Immune Modulators
3. Natural Products Against CNS Infections
4. Conclusion and Perspectives
Section II: Bacterial and Viral Infections of the CNS
Chapter 7: Pneumococcal Meningitis
1.2. Diagnosis and Laboratory Typing Schemes
2. Highlights of the Epidemiology of Pneumococcal Disease
3. Pneumococcal Disease Interventions
4. Important Virulence Factors for Pneumococcal CSF Invasion
4.1. Choline-Binding Proteins
4.2. Cytoplasmic Proteins
4.3. Metal-Binding Lipoproteins
4.4. Sortase-Dependent Surface Proteins
5. Pathogenesis of Pneumococcal Meningitis
6. Genetics of Pneumococcal Meningitis
Chapter 8: Infections of the Central Nervous System Caused by Nontuberculous Mycobacteria
2. Central Nervous System Infections Due to NTM
Chapter 9: Central Nervous System Tuberculosis
4. Pathogenesis and Pathology
5.1. Tuberculous Meningitis
5.2. Tuberculous Encephalopathy
5.4. Tuberculous Brain Abscess
6.3. Tuberculous Ventriculitis
6.4. Tuberculosis Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome
7.3. Tuberculin Skin Test
7.4. Adenosine de Aminase
7.6. Immune Globulin Release Assay
8.5. Drug-Induced Hepatitis
8.6. CNS Tuberculosis in Immunocompromised Patients
Chapter 10: Tick-Borne Infections of the Central Nervous System
2. Tick-Borne Viral Infections of the CNS
2.1. Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus (TBEV)
2.1.1. The Virus, Replication, and Pathogenesis
2.1.2. Vectors, Transmission, and Epidemiology
2.1.3. Clinical Manifestations
2.1.5. Treatment and Prevention
2.2.1. Virus, Vector Transmission, and Epidemiology
2.2.3. Clinical Manifestations
3. Tick-Borne Bacterial Infections of the CNS
3.1.2. Vectors, Transmission, and Pathogenesis
3.1.3. Clinical Manifestations
4. Prevention of Tick-Borne Diseases
Chapter 11: Interactions of Human Retroviruses With the Blood-Brain Barrier
2. Retrovirus-Associated Neurological Disorders
3. Retrovirus-Associated BBB Disruption
3.1. BBB Disruption by Retroviral Infection
3.2. BBB Disruption by Soluble Cellular Factors
3.2.1. Proinflammatory Cytokines
3.3. BBB Disruption by Viral Proteins
3.3.1. Soluble Viral Transactivators: HIV-1 Tat and HTLV-1 Tax
3.3.2. HIV-1 Envelope Protein gp120
3.3.3. HIV-1 Regulatory Proteins
4.1. Detection of the Virus in the CNS
4.2. Crossing the BBB as a Free Viral Particle
4.3. Crossing the BBB as an Infected Cell
4.3.1. Increased Rolling of Infected Cells on the BBB Endothelium
4.3.2. Increased Adhesion of Infected Cells to the BBB Endothelium
4.3.3. Increased Transmigration of Infected Cells Through the BBB Endothelium
4.3.4. Amplification of the Infiltration Into the CNS via Chemotaxis
Section III: Fungal and Protozoal Infections of the CNS
Chapter 12: Recent Advances in Fungal Infections of the Central Nervous System: From Etiology to Diagnosis and Management
3. Classification and Epidemiology
5. Clinicopathologic Syndromes
6. True Pathogenic Fungi Causing Infections of the CNS
6.1. Blastomycosis (North American Blastomycosis)
6.1.2. Clinical Presentation
6.2. Coccidioidomycosis (Modeling Valley Fever)
6.2.2. Clinical Presentation
6.3. Paracoccidioidomycosis (South American Blastomycosis)
6.4.2. Clinical Presentation
6.5.2. Clinical Presentation
7. Opportunistic Fungi Causing Infections of the CNS
7.1.2. Clinical Presentation
7.2.2. Clinical Presentation
7.3. Cryptococcosis (European Blastomycosis)
7.3.2. Clinical Presentation
8. Melanized Fungi Causing Infections of the CNS
8.1. CNS Infection Due to C. bantiana
8.2. CNS Infection Due to R. mackenziei
8.3. CNS Infections Due to Other Melanized Fungi
8.4. In Vitro Antifungal Susceptibility Data of Melanized Fungi
Chapter 13: Cryptococcal Meningitis and Other Opportunistic Fungal Infections of the Central Nervous System: Epidemiology ...
2. Cryptococcal Meningitis
2.2.1. Clinical Manifestations
3. Aspergillus and Other Medically Important Molds
3.1.2. Clinical Manifestations
3.1.3. Diagnosis and Treatment
3.2. Cerebral Mucormycosis
3.3. CNS Fusarium Infection
4.1. Epidemiology and Pathogenesis
4.2. Clinical Manifestations
4.3. Diagnosis and Treatment
5. Endemic Fungi Infecting the CNS
5.4. Paracoccidioidomycosis
6. Other CNS Medically Important Fungi
Chapter 14: The Challenge of Finding New Therapies for Sleeping Sickness
2. An Overview on the Discovery of the Tsetse Fly-Trypanosome and Its Distribution
3. Cell Architecture of T. brucei
5. What Mechanisms Does T. brucei Use to Evade the Immunological System?
6. The Traditional Treatment
7. New Advances in the Development of Treatments Against HAT
7.1. Advanced Drug Delivery Systems and HAT
7.2. Systematic Drug Repurposing
7.5. Drug Design and Computer-Guided Drug Design
7.6. Avoiding Drug Resistance in HAT
Chapter 15: A Global Problem of Toxoplasmosis
1.1. Epidemiology and Transmission
2. Diagnosis of Toxoplasmosis Methods
2.1. Direct Diagnosis Methods
2.2. Indirect Diagnosis Methods
3. Treatment of Toxoplasmosis
3.2. Sulfadiazine, Sulfamerazine, Sulfamethazine
4. Vaccine Studies Against Toxoplasmosis
4.1. Inactivated Parasite
4.2. Crude, Purified Antigens, Recombinant Proteins
4.3. Live and Attenuated Parasite
5. Clinical Pictures of Toxoplasmosis
5.1. Acquired Toxoplasmosis
5.2. Congenital Toxoplasmosis
5.3. Ocular Toxoplasmosis
5.4. Toxoplasmosis in Immunodeficient Patients