Manual on Vitamin A Deficiency Disorders (VADD) ( World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics )

Publication series : World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics

Author: McLaren D.S.; Kraemer K.  

Publisher: S. Karger AG‎

Publication year: 2012

E-ISBN: 9783318021448

P-ISBN(Paperback): 9783318021431

Subject: R591.41 Vitamin A deficiency

Keyword: 传染病,流行病学与防疫,预防医学、卫生学,儿科学,病理学,眼科学,营养卫生、食品卫生

Language: ENG

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Description

Vitamin A plays a key role among the vitamins essential for healthy growth and development. Vitamin A deficiency disorders (VADD) are therefore an important part of general malnutrition that in the majority of cases leads to failure to thrive and underweight. Moreover, apart from adverse effects on health and survival in general, VADD can also lead to blindness, called xerophthalmia, and are also frequently accompanied by various infections. Last but not least, it has become evident that even mild degrees of VAD (and all other forms of nutritional deficiencies) have important adverse implications for health and are thus much more widespread than previously assumed.This publication systematically covers detailed and up-to-date information on every relevant aspect of VADD, with particular emphasis on providing an outline of their setting, nature, and significance. In addition to cutting-edge scientific information, the latest available data on the global occurrence of VAD from the World Health Organization is also included.

Chapter

Foreword

Chapter 1: Foreground

Setting of VADD

Nature of VADD

Significance of VADD

Chapter 2: Vitamin A in Nature

Light

Carotenoids and Retinoids

Photosynthesis

Rhodopsin Where Least Expected

Bacteriorhodopsin

A ‘Typical’ Eye

Variations in Chromophores

Photoentrainment

Vitamin A Functions Unrelated to Light

Chapter 3: Methods of Analysis

Analytical Procedures

Bioassay Procedures

Carotenoid Analysis in Foods

Chapter 4: Food Sources

Introduction

Units of Vitamin A Activity

Provitamin A Carotenoid Sources

Preformed Vitamin A

Chapter 5: Bioavailability of Carotenoids

Introduction

Recent Advances in Technology

Isotope Dilution Techniques

Factors Affecting the Bio- Availability of Carotenoids

Other Techniques

Conversion Factors

Chapter 6: Vitamin A in Health

Digestion and Absorption

Transport to the Liver

Metabolism in the Liver

Transport Between Cells

Cellular Retinol-binding Proteins (CRBP) (Li, Norris 1996)

Gene Function and Retinoids

Functions of Vitamin A

Activities of Carotenoids

Human Requirements

Chapter 7: Assessment of Vitamin A Status

Introduction

Indicators at the Subclinical Level

Indicators at the Clinical Level

Assessment of Dietary Intake of Vitamin A

Chapter 8: Xerophthalmia

Definitions

Night Blindness (XN)

Conjunctival Xerosis (X1A)

Bitot’s Spot (X1B)

Corneal Xerosis (X2)

Keratomalacia (X3A, X3B)

Corneal Scar (XS) – Vitamin A Related

Xerophthalmic Fundus (XF)

Chapter 9: Mortality and Morbidity, Especially in Relation to Infections

Introduction

Mortality Associated with Non- corneal Xerophthalmia

Vitamin A Intervention and Mortality in Young Children

Cause-Specific Mortality

Contribution of VAD to Child Mortality

Measles Mortality and Vitamin A Treatment

Vitamin A Supplementation and Maternal Mortality

Vitamin A Supplementation and Infectious Morbidity

HIV/AIDS

Remarks

Chapter 10: Other Effects of VAD

Anemia

Growth

Immune Response

Normal and Diseased Skin

Thyroid Function

Reproductive Systems

Bone

Chapter 11: Interaction of Vitamin A and Other Micronutrients

Introduction

Vitamin A and Iron

Vitamin A and Zinc

Vitamin A, Iron, and Zinc Supplementation

Vitamin A and Iodine

Vitamin A, Riboflavin and Other Micronutrients

Other Multi-Micronutrient Combinations

Chapter 12: Global Occurrence

Prevalence of VADD

VAD and Blindness

Vitamin A in Global Food Supplies

Methodology

Trends

Country Situations

Chapter 13: Epidemiology

Introduction

Age

Physiological Status

Diet

Breastfeeding

Cultural Factors

Infectious Diseases

HIV/AIDS

Protein-Energy Malnutrition (PEM)

Season

Socioeconomic Status

Location

Sex

The VADD Cycle

Chapter 14: Retinoids and Carotenoids in General Medicine

Introduction

Secondary VAD

Hypervitaminosis A

Non-nutritional Diseases Responsive to Vitamin A and/or Carotenoids

Eye Diseases

Dermatological Pharmaceutical Use of Synthetic Retinoids

Cancer Chemoprevention and Treatment

Carotenoids and Chronic Diseases

Cardiovascular Disease

Other Systems

Chapter 15: Control

Introduction

General Considerations

Treatment

Prophylactic Supplementation

The Special Issues of Newborn VAS and Effects of Vaccines

Prevention and Management of Infectious Diseases

Food Fortification

Dietary Modification

General Issues

Plant Breeding and Genetic Modification

Disaster Relief

References

Subject Index

Cover

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