Cover

Front Matter

Contents

List of Contributors

Introduction

Lessons Learned from Clinical Studies on Infant Nutrition

Abstract

Summary of Evidence

Methodological Issues

Existing Guidelines and Regulations

Current Clinical Studies – Lessons Learned

What Could Be Done?

Conclusions

References

Growth Outcome: Nutritionist Perspective

Abstract

Introduction: Why Evaluating Growth

Growth Quality and Health Outcomes

The Future: A Nutrieconomic Approach to Growth Outcomes?

Conclusions

References

Nutritional Biomarkers for Growth Outcomes: Perspective of the Endocrinologist

Abstract

What Is a Good Nutritional Biomarker for Growth Outcomes?

Which Nutritional Biomarkers for Growth Outcomes Are Already Known?

Conclusions

References

Early Nutrition and Later Outcomes in Preterm Infants

Abstract

References

Evaluation of Growth and Early Infant Feeding: A Challenge for Scientists, Industry and Regulatory Bodies

Abstract

Breast-Fed Reference Groups (Clinical Trials) versus WHO Standards

Formula-Fed Infants in Clinical Trials versus WHO Standards

Breastfed Reference Groups in Study Populations at Risk for Malnutrition (Obesity,Undernutrition)

Conclusions

References

Bone Mineral Accretion and Its Relationship to Growth, Sexual Maturation and Body Composition during Childhood and Adolescence

Abstract

Importance of Peak Bone Mass

Association of Height Status and Peak Height Velocity on Bone Accretion

Effects of Puberty on Bone Accretion

Effects of Body Composition on Bone Accretion

Combined Effects of Growth and Puberty on Bone Mineral Accretion during Childhood

Conclusion

References

Prenatal Nutritional Influence on Skeletal Development

Abstract

Early Growth and Adult Bone Mass

Maternal Diet, Lifestyle, Body Build and 25(OH)-Vitamin D Status

Conclusion

Acknowledgements

References

Insulin-Like Growth Factors, Nutrition and Growth

Abstract

Role of IGF-1 in Human Linear Growth

Growth Hormone-GH Receptor Regulation of IGF-1

Effects of Malnutrition on the GH-IGF-1 Axis

Clinical States of Malnutrition Affecting the IGF System

Interface of Nutritional Deficiency and Inflammatory Cytokine Secretion on Chronic Inflammatory Disorders

Conclusions

References

Role of Insulin-Like Growth Factors in Growth, Development and Feeding

Abstract

Animal Models

Human Mutations

Association Studies

Conclusion

References

Advances in Growth Chart Design and Use: The UK Experience

Abstract

Background

Designing the Neonatal and Infant Close Monitoring Chart

Conclusions

Acknowledgements

Disclosure Statement

References

Update on the Implementation of the WHO Child Growth Standards

Abstract

Rolling Out the WHO Growth Standards

Monitoring the Adoption and Implementation of the WHO Growth Standards

Implications of Adopting the WHO Child Growth Standards

Conclusions

References

Nutritional Catch-Up Growth

Abstract

Systemic Factors

Local Molecular Mechanisms

Conclusion

References

Growth Faltering in Low-Income Countries

Abstract

Poor Growth in Rural Gambia

Secular Trends in Growth Faltering in Rural Gambia

A Longer ‘Life-Course’ View of Growth Faltering

Importance of Inter-Generational and Fetal Programming of Growth Faltering

Key Research Gaps Regarding the Aetiology of Growth Faltering in Low-IncomeCountries

Conclusions

Acknowledgements

References

Catch-Up Growth: Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms

Abstract

Catch-Up in the Growth Plate

Catch-Up Growth in Multiple Organs

Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Treatment Options for Children with Monogenic Forms of Obesity

Abstract

Acknowledgements

References

Early Diet, Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1, Growth and Later Obesity

Abstract

Breastfeeding and Obesity

Age of Introduction of Complementary Feeding and Later Obesity

Early Protein Intake and Later Obesity

Early Fat Intake and Later Obesity

Early Growth and Later Obesity

Role of IGF-1

Early Body Composition and Later Obesity

Conclusions

References

Obesity Prevention in Children

Abstract

Energy Gap Analysis

Risk Factors for Obesity Development

Community-Based Interventions

Evidence of Effective Interventions

Final Comments

References

Growth Trajectories Associated with Adult Obesity

Abstract

Body Mass Index Trajectories

Lean and Fat Body Measurements Trajectories: Is the AR a Rebound in Lean or Fat Body Mass?

Indicators Predicting Later Overweight: Early AR or High BMI at Rebound?

BMI Pattern in Massively Obese Subjects

Discussion

Conclusion

References

Obesity and Growth during Childhood and Puberty

Abstract

Growth Consequences of Childhood Obesity

Effect of Childhood Obesity on Pubertal Onset and Progression

Pubertal Hormonal Levels in Obese Boys and Girls

Conclusions

References

Pathophysiology and Management of Abnormal Growth in Children with Chronic Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Abstract

IBD and Puberty

Interaction between Inflammatory Cytokines and the GH/IGF-1 Axis

General Management of Growth Impairment in Children with IBD

Conclusion

Acknowledgements

References

Optimal Growth of Preterm Infants

Abstract

Prenatal Growth and IUGR Infants

Postnatal Growth

Evaluation of Growth

What Measurements to Use?

References

Nutrition and Growth in Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Abstract

References

Early Growth and Later Atherosclerosis

Abstract

Historical Overview

Growth and Future Risk of Cardiovascular Disease

References

Body Composition in Young Children with Cystic Fibrosis

Abstract

References

Interaction between Weight and Medications in Psychological Illnesses of Children

Abstract

Attention Deficit Disorder and Hyperactivity

Weight Gain – Antipsychotics

Weight Loss Interferes with the Action of Antidepressants – Anorexia Nervosa

Conclusion

References

Prematurity and Bone Health

Abstract

Fetal and Neonatal Bone Physiology

Etiology of Bone Disease of Prematurity

Screening for Metabolic Bone Disease

Consequences of Bone Mineral Density

Conclusions

References

Author Index

Subject Index

Cover