Cover

Contents

Preface

Foreword

Contributors

Caffeine, Exercise and the Brain

Abstract

Introduction

How Does Caffeine Influence the Brain?

Caffeine Improves Sustained Attention (Vigilance) and Reduces Symptoms of (Mental) Fatigue

Caffeine Reduces Skeletal Muscle Pain, Force Sensation and Perception of Effort during Exercise, and Increases Motivation to Sustain Effort

Caffeine Increases Tremor

Caffeine Can Have a Placebo Effect

Caffeine and Exercise Performance in Different Ambient Conditions

Conclusion

Disclosure Statement

References

Carnitine and Fat Oxidation

Abstract

Introduction

Role of Carnitine in Skeletal Muscle Fat Oxidation

Regulation of the Rate of Skeletal Muscle Fat Oxidation

Role of Carnitine in the Regulation of Fat Oxidation

Effect of Increasing Skeletal Muscle Carnitine Availability on the Rate of Fat Oxidation

Effect of Increasing Muscle Carnitine Content on Endurance Performance

Acknowledgments

Disclosure Statement

References

Hydration during Intense Exercise Training

Abstract

Introduction

Water and Salt Balance in Training

Hydration Status and Stress Responses

Rehydration and Recovery between Training Bouts

Training the Gut

Adaptation to Dehydration and Coping Strategies

Hydration and Adaptation to Training

Practical Implications

Disclosure Statement

References

Intense Exercise Training and Immune Function

Abstract

Introduction

Causes of Illness in Athletes

Intensive Training Effects on Immune Function

Practical Guidelines to Maintain Immune Health and Limit the Risk of Infection

Conclusions

Disclosure Statement

References

Physiological and Performance Adaptations to High-Intensity Interval Training

Abstract

Introduction

Adaptations to Low-Volume HIIT in Untrained and Recreationally Active Individuals

Effect of HIIT in Highly Trained Individuals

Disclosure Statement

References

Effect of β-Alanine Supplementation on High-Intensity Exercise Performance

Abstract

Introduction

M-Carn as Buffer of H + during High-Intensity Exercise

Other Physiological Roles of M-Carn

Regulation of M-Carn by β-Alanine

Ergogenic Effect of Raised M-Carn

Effect on Maximal/Supramaximal Exercise

Effect on Longer Duration Submaximal Exercise

Effect on Longer Duration Submaximal Exercise

Conclusion

Disclosure Statement

References

Dietary Protein for Muscle Hypertrophy

Abstract

Introduction

Metabolic Basis for Muscle Hypertrophy

Methodological Considerations

Importance of Protein

Type of Protein

Muscle Protein Breakdown

Amount of Protein

Timing of Protein Ingestion

Coingestion of Other Nutrients with Protein

Inactivity

Conclusions and Recommendations

Disclosure Statement

References

The Role of Amino Acids in SkeletalMuscle Adaptation to Exercise

Abstract

Introduction

Adaptations to Strength Exercise

mTOR

Activation of mTOR

The Role of Leucine Uptake in Control of mTOR

Protein Supplementation and Endurance Adaptations

Amino Acids Attenuate the Immunosuppression Response after IntenseExercise

Practical Considerations regarding Protein Supplementation

Protein Amount and the Adaptation to Exercise

Protein Timing and the Adaptation to Exercise

Protein Quality and the Adaptation to Exercise

Macronutrient Coingestion and Adaptation

Conclusion

Disclosure Statement

References

National Nutritional Programs for the 2012 London Olympic Games: A Systematic Approach by Three Different Countries

Abstract

Introduction

Implementation of Updated Knowledge in Sports Nutrition

Developing Systems to Provide a National Sports Nutrition Program

Dealing with Clinical Nutrition Needs of Athletes

Ramadan – A Special Challenge of the London Olympics

Food Service at Olympic Summer Games

Alternative Food Service Facilities

Special Nutrition Services during the Olympic Games

Final Outcomes

Disclosure Statement

References

Concluding Remarks: Nutritional Strategies to Increase Performance Capacity

Caffeine, Exercise and the Brain

Carnitine and Fat Oxidation

Hydration during Intense Exercise Training

Intense Exercise Training and Immune Function

Physiological and Performance Adaptations to High-Intensity Interval Training

Effect of β-Alanine Supplementation on High-Intensity Exercise Performance

Dietary Protein for Muscle Hypertrophy

The Role of Amino Acids in Skeletal Muscle Adaptation to Exercise

National Nutritional Programs for the 2012 London Olympic Games

Subject Index