Description
Recognition of evidence-based medicine is not only increasing rapidly, but it has become essential to pediatric nutrition. Starting with some methodological issues - discussing systemic reviews, meta-analyses and clinical trials - this publication then concisely summarizes current knowledge as well as ignorance and uncertainty regarding selected aspects of childhood nutrition. These aspects include functional gastrointestinal disorders, issues concerning various kinds of milk, complementary foods, enteral nutrition, celiac disease or obesity. Contents are based on evidence and summarize current guidelines; moreover, when there is no clear evidence, they provide some food for thought.
Chapter
Methodological Considerations
Importance of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses in Pediatric Nutrition
Narrative Review, Systematic Review, and Meta-Analysis – What Is the Difference?
Why Perform a Systematic Review?
How to Conduct a Systematic Review
Is It Always Appropriate to Pool the Results?
How to Interpret a Forest Plot
Possible Flaws of a Meta-Analysis
Meta-Analysis versus Large RCT
Systematic Review of RCTs versus Non-RCTs
Are Systematic Reviews Original Research?
Assessing the Validity of a Systematic Review
Issues Related to Systematic Reviews in the Field of Nutrition
Strengths and Weaknesses of Observational Nutritional Studies
When Do You Perform Observational Studies?
Classification of Observational Studies
Design-Specific Advantages and Disadvantages of Observational Studies
Scientific Standards for Human Intervention Trials Evaluating Health Benefits of Foods, and Their Application to Infants, Children and Adolescents
Standards for Human Intervention Trials
Impact of Early Nutrition on Later Outcomes
Early Nutrition and Health: Short- and Long-Term Outcomes
Human Studies – Evidence from Observational Studies and Randomized Trials
Short- and Long-Term Benefits of Breastfeeding
Long-Term Risks of Accelerated Growth
Short- and Long-Term Risks of Undernutrition
Short-Term Benefits versus Long-Term Risks in Premature and SGA Infants
Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Dietary Fiber in the Management of Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders
Abdominal Pain-Related Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders
Conclusion and Implications for Practice
Growing-Up Milk: A Necessity or Marketing?
Differences in the Composition between IF and FOF
Rationale for Formula Feeding in Infants Older than 6 Months Who Are Not Breast-Fed Instead of Whole Cow’s Milk
Rationale for Formula Feeding (GUM) in Young Children 1–3 Years of Age Instead of Whole Cow’s Milk
Cow’s Milk and Goat’s Milk
The Timing of Introduction of Complementary Foods and Later Health
Nutritional Adequacy of Prolonged Exclusive Breastfeeding
Obesity and Cardiovascular Disorders
Dietary Interventions for Primary Allergy Prevention – What Is the Evidence?
Allergen-Reduced Diet of the Pregnant and Lactating Mother
Cow Milk Protein Hydrolysate Infant Formulas
Evidence for a Primary Allergy-Preventive Effect of Hypoallergenic Infant Formulas
Time of Introduction and Diversity of Complementary Food
Vitamin and Mineral Supplementation of Term Infants: Are They Necessary?
Vitamin and Mineral Recommended Dietary Allowances in Term Infants
Comparison of Minerals and Vitamins Intake through Human Milk in Reference to RDAs
Comparison of Mineral and Vitamin Intake through Infant Formula in Reference to RDAs
‘Special’ Considerations: Vitamin D, Vitamin B 12 , Iron, and Iodine
Issues in Nutrition of Children
Definition and Indications
Enteral Nutrition Formulations
Delivery of Enteral Nutrition
Monitoring and Complications
Celiac Disease – Prevention Strategies through Early Infant Nutrition
Breastfeeding and Celiac Disease
Gluten Introduction – When and How Much?
Implications for Practice
Interventions for Treating Obesity in Children
Types of Therapeutic Interventions
Practical Recommendations
Evidence-Based Research in Pediatric Nutrition
( World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics )
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