Description
Angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels, is fundamental for physiological processes such as embryonic and postnatal development, wound repair, and reproductive functions. Angiogenesis plays a major role in tumor growth and in several autoimmune and allergic disorders. Lymphangiogenesis, the formation of new lymphatic vessels, is also important for tumor growth, the formation of metastasis, and chronic inflammatory diseases. Judah Folkman, a pioneer in the study of angiogenesis, first proposed that macrophages and mast cells could be a relevant source of angiogenic factors. Since then, much effort has gone into the elucidation of the role of immune cells in the modulation of angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. There is now compelling evidence that several components of the innate and adaptive immune system are implicated in inflammatory and neoplastic angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. Articles in this volume deal with the emerging, intriguing possibility that immune cells are both a source and a target of angiogenic and lymphangiogenic factors. Therefore, cells of the immune system might play a role in inflammatory and neoplastic angiogenesis/lymphangiogenesis through the expression of several angiogenic factors and their receptors and co-receptors. The important new findings in this volume will be of special interest to vascular biologists, basic and clinical immunologists, oncologists and to specialists in allergic and immune disorders.
Chapter
History of Research on Angiogenesis
First Isolation of an Endothelial Cell
Development of in vivo Assays for the Study of Angiogenesis
Isolation of Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor
Isolation of Vascular Permeability Factor/Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor
Isolation of Placental Growth Factor
Early Evidence of Tumor Cells Releasing Specific Growth Factor for Blood Vessels
Absence of Angiogenesis in Tumors in Isolated Perfused Organs and First Evidence of the Existence of the Avascular and Vascular Phases in Solid Tumor Growth
First Formulation of the Hypothesis that Tumor Growth Is Angiogenesis Dependent and Isolation of the First Tumor Angiogenic Factor
Prognostic Significance of Tumor Vascularity
Immune Cells as a Source and Target of Angiogenic and Lymphangiogenic Factors
Expression of VEGFs and Their VEGFRs in Mast Cells
Expression of VEGFs, Their VEGFRs and NRPs in Human Basophils
Expression of VEGFs and VEGFRs in Monocytes, Macrophages and Dendritic Cells
Angiogenic Activity of Macrophages
Antiangiogenic Activity of Macrophages
Lymphangiogenic Activity of Macrophages
Expression of NRPs in Regulatory T Cells
Expression of Angiopoietins in Immune Cells
Direct and Indirect Angiogenic Activity of IL-17
IL-17E/IL-25 Promotes Angiogenesis in Asthma
IL-17E/IL-25 Production by Human Eosinophils and Basophils
Neuropilins: Role in Signalling, Angiogenesis and Disease
NRP Genomic Organisation and Isoforms
Neuropilin Function in Development
Receptors and Signalling Mechanisms
Role of the NRP Cytosolic Domain
NRP Regulation of Cell Migration
Neuropilin Functions in Disease and Adult Tissues
Conclusions and Perspectives
Class 3 Semaphorin in Angiogenesis and Lymphangiogenesis
Semaphorins and Their Receptors
Semaphorins Control Vascular Development
Semaphorins and Lymphatic Development
Semaphorins and Tumor Angiogenesis
Semapahorins in Revascularization of Ischemic Tissues
Angiogenic and Antiangiogenic Chemokines
Cell Activation by Chemokine Receptors
Chemokines in Angiogenesis
Chemokines in Tumor Angiogenesis
Tumor-Associated Leukocytes and Angiogenesis
Direct Induction of Angiogenesis by Tumor Cells
Chemokines in Lymphangiogenesis
Nonchemokine Chemoattractants in Angiogenesis
Role of uPA/uPAR in the Modulation of Angiogenesis
Plasminogen Activation System
uPA-uPAR in Endothelial Progenitor Cells
Neutrophil-Derived Cytokines Involved in Physiological and Pathological Angiogenesis
VEGF: A Key Molecule for Neutrophil-Mediated Angiogenesis
PK2/BV8: A Recently Uncovered Mediator of Neutrophil-Induced Angiogenesis
Other Neutrophil-Derived Cytokines and Chemokines with Proangiogenetic Activity
Neutrophil-Derived Proangiogenic Cytokines Awaiting Further Research in the Angiogenesis Field
Fibroblast Growth Factor-2
Roles of Eosinophils in the Modulation of Angiogenesis
Angiogenesis and Allergic Inflammation
Eosinophils and Angiogenesis
Regulatory T Cells, Leptin and Angiogenesis
Regulatory T Cells, Leptin and Metabolic Regulation
Leptin, Endothelial Cell Function and Angiogenesis
Angiogenic Factors Expressed by Treg Cells: Neuropilin-1, VEGF and Leptin
Antiangiogenic Drugs and Their Involvement in Treg Cell-Mediated Immune Modulation
Treg Cells and Tumor Progression
Conclusions and Perspectives
Angiogenesis as a Therapeutic Target for Obesity and Metabolic Diseases
Angiogenic Factors, Cytokines and Adipokines
Paradoxical Principles in Treatment of Obesity and Metabolic Disease
Angiogenesis as a Therapeutic Target for Obesity-Associated Disorders
Angiogenesis in Multiple Myeloma
First Evidence of an Increased Angiogenesis in Bone Marrow of Multiple Myeloma Patients
Factors Involved in the Angiogenic Switch
Role of Bone Marrow Endothelial Cells
Role of Circulating Endothelial Cells and Endothelial Precursor Cells
Role of Bone Marrow Microenvironment
Antiangiogenesis in Multiple Myeloma
Angiogenesis Inhibitors in the Treatment of Prostate Cancer
Role of Angiogenesis in Prostate Cancer
Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors
Tumor Vascular Disrupting Agent
Therapeutic Perspectives in Vascular Remodeling in Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Vascular Remodeling in Asthma
Vascular Remodeling in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Effects on Vascular Remodeling of the Currently Used Drugs in Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Potential Therapeutic Implications of Bronchial Vascular Remodeling
Angiogenesis, Lymphangiogenesis and Clinical Implications
( Chemical Immunology and Allergy )
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