Cover

Front Matter

Contents

Preface

Cell Biology and Pathology of Podocytes

Cell Biology of the Podocyte

Abstract

Responses of Podocytes to Injury

Acknowledgements

Disclosure Statement

References

Cell Cycle and Podocyte Injury

Abstract

Cell Cycle and Podocyte Injury: Why Should We Care?

Mature Podocytes Are Post-Mitotic and Terminally Differentiated Cells

The Podocyte’s Limited Proliferative Capacity: Role of Cell Cycle Proteins

The Podocyte’s Limited Proliferative Capacity: Role of Mechanical Stretch

Podocyte Proliferation in Response to Injury: Where It Occurs

Cell Cycle Proteins: Podocyte Hypertrophy

Cell Cycle Proteins: Effects beyond Proliferation

Proof of Concept: Therapeutic Inhibition of Podocyte Proliferation

Disclosure Statement

References

The Podocyte Cytoskeleton: Key to a Functioning Glomerulus in Health and Disease

Abstract

The Podocyte Cytoskeleton

Actin-Based Cell Plasticity, a Key Feature of Kidney Podocytes

RhoGTPases, Master Regulators of Actin Dynamics and Podocyte Plasticity

Podocyte Injury: Too Much or Too Little Motility?

Stress Fibers and Podocyte Contraction

Quo Vadis, Podocyte Actin Cytoskeleton?

Conclusions and Outlook

Disclosure Statement

References

Crosstalk between Podocytes and Tubular Epithelial Cells

Abstract

Impact of Podocytic Injury on Tubular Epithelial Cells

Will Injury to TEC Affect Podocyte?

Repair Mechanism

Conclusion

Acknowledgments

Disclosure Statement

References

Role of Mitochondria in Podocyte Injury

Abstract

Biology of Mitochondria

Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Podocyte Injury

Conclusions and Perspectives

Acknowledgements

Disclosure Statement

References

Autophagy in Podocytes

Abstract

Basics of Autophagy

Autophagy in Podocyte Differentiation and Maintenance

Autophagy in Podocyte Aging

Role of Autophagy in Podocyte Disease

mTOR Signaling in Autophagy Regulation in Podocytes

Conclusions and Perspectives

Acknowledgements

Disclosure Statement

References

PPAR-γ Signaling in Podocyte Injury

Abstract

General Biology and Metabolic Action of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-γ

Renoprotective Action of PPAR-γ Agonists

PPAR-γ and Podocytes

Conclusion

Acknowledgements

Disclosure Statement

References

Podocyte Injury in Glomerular Disease

Podocyte Injury in FSGS

Abstract

Injury of the Podocyte Slit Diaphragm

Actin Cytoskeleton, Microtubules and Motility

Disorders of Glycosylation and Sialylation

Podocyte Injury, Proteinuria and Podocyte Regeneration

Conclusion

Disclosure Statement

References

Circulating Soluble Urokinase Receptor and Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis

Abstract

Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis (FSGS)

Evolution of the Circulating Permeability Factor Concept

suPAR

Evidence Indicating suPAR as a FSGS Circulating Factor

The Challenge and Current Gap between Bench and Bedside

Suggested Answers and Future Work

Conclusion

References

Anti-Phospholipase A2 Receptor-1 Autoantibodies and Membranous Nephropathy

Abstract

Pathology of Membranous Nephropathy

Identification of PLA2 R as the Target Antigen in Primary Membranous Nephropathy

Anti-PLA2 R Autoantibodies

Tissue Staining for PLA2 R in Membranous Nephropathy

Genetic Associations

Unique Pathological Features

Natural History and Treatment of PLA2 R-Associated Membranous Nephropathy

Conclusion

Acknowledgment

Disclosure Statement

References

Anti-Neutral Endopeptidase Antibodies, Autoantibodies, Anti-Bovine Serum Albumin Antibodies and Membranous Nephropathy

Abstract

Neutral Endopeptidase and Alloimmune Membranous Nephropathy

Non-PLA2 R Autoantigens: Cytoplasmic Podocytic Antigens

Bovine Serum Albumin and other Dietary Antigens

Acknowledgments

Disclosure Statement

References

Podocyte Injury in Secondary Glomerular Disease

Podocytopathy in Diabetes: A Metabolic Disorder

Abstract

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System

Aldosterone

Insulin

Estrogen

Growth Hormone/Growth Hormone Receptor

Adiponectin

Vitamin D and Fibroblast Growth Factors

Lipids

Conclusion

Disclosure Statement

Acknowledgements

References

Obesity-Related Glomerulopathy and Podocyte Injury

Abstract

Pathogenetic Mechanisms

Pharmacological Interventions Perspective

Conclusions

References

Podocyte Injury in HIV-AssociatedNephropathy

Abstract

Histopathological Findings of Podocyte Injury

Pathogenesis of Podocyte Injury in HIVAN

What Is the Role of the Parietal Epithelial Cells in HIVAN?

Host Genetic Factors Play a Critical Role in HIVAN

Podocyte Injury in the New Spectrum of HIV-Related Kidney Disease

Conclusions

Acknowledgements

Disclosure Statement

References

Podocyte as a Target of Therapy

Retinoic Acid: A Potential Pharmacologic Approach in the Treatment of Podocytopathy

Abstract

Podocytes in Kidney Diseases

Retinoic Acid

Retinoic Acid in Kidney Development

Retinoic Acid in the Treatment of Kidney Diseases

How Does Retinoic Acid Protect the Podocytes from Injury?

Conclusion

Disclosure Statement

Acknowledgement

References

Immunomodulatory Drugs andthe Podocyte

Abstract

Glucocorticosteroids and ACTH

Anti-Lymphocyte Agents

Other Immunomodulatory Drugs

Implications

Conclusion

Disclosure Statement

References

Triptolide Protects Podocytes from Injury

Abstract

Triptolide

Triptolide and Membranous Nephropathy

Triptolide and Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis

Triptolide and Diabetic Nephropathy

Conclusions

Acknowledgements

Disclosure Statement

References

New Approaches to Study the Podocyte

Fly: A Model to Study the Podocyte

Abstract

Advantages of Drosophila Models

The Fly Renal System – Nephrocytes, Malpighian Tubules

Comparing the Fly Nephrocyte and Mammalian Podocyte

Perspective

Disclosure Statement

References

Zebrafish Models of Podocytopathies

Abstract

Why Zebrafish?

Podocytes and Proteinuria in Zebrafish

Modeling Glomerular Diseases in Zebrafish

Podocyte Regeneration in Zebrafish

Future Outlook

Acknowledgements

Disclosure Statement

References

The Role of MicroRNAs in Podocytes

Abstract

General Introduction to miRNAs

Requirement of miRNAs for Podocyte Homeostasis

Roles of miRNAs in Podocyte Injury and Podocytopathy

Roles of miRNAs in Glomerular Mesangial or Endothelial Cells

Integration of miRNAs into Podocyte Signaling Networks

miRNAs as Therapeutic Targets for Podocytopathies

Conclusions

Acknowledgements

Disclosure Statement

References

An Integrative Biology Approach to Study Podocyte Function

Abstract

Systems Biology Is Integrative Biology

Current Status of Integrative Biology of Podocyte

Novel Technical Breakthroughs Facilitate Integrative Biology Study of Podocytes

Database and Freely Accessible Bioinformatics Tool Suites to Facilitate Systems Biology Research on Podocytes

Summary and Perspectives

Acknowledgements

Disclosure Statement

References

Author Index

Subject Index

Cover