Cover

Front Matter

Contents

List of Contributors

Preface

Introduction to Fatty Acids and Lipids

Abstract

Introduction

Fatty Acids: Structure and Nomenclature

Fatty Acid Biosynthesis

Biosynthesis of Saturated Fatty Acids

Biosynthesis of Monounsaturated Fatty Acids

Biosynthesis of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids

Structure and Synthesis of Complex Lipids

Structure of Triacylglycerols and Phospholipids

Biosynthesis of Triacylglycerols and Phospholipids

Structure and Biosynthesis of Cholesterol

Lipid Digestion, Absorption, and Transport in the Bloodstream and Delivery to Tissues

Digestion and Absorption of Dietary Lipids

Transport of Fatty Acids in the Bloodstream and Delivery to Tissues

The Roles of Fatty Acids

Fatty Acids as Fuels

Fatty Acids as Membrane Components

Fatty Acids and Signal Transduction

Fatty Acids and Gene Expression

Concluding Remarks

References

Fatty Acids, Lipid Emulsions and the Immune and Inflammatory Systems

Abstract

Introduction

Immunity and Inflammation: An Overview

Fatty Acids, Immunity and Inflammation: An Overview

Parenteral Soybean Oil, Immunity and Inflammation

Parenteral Medium-Chain Triglycerides, Immunity and Inflammation

Parenteral Olive Oil, Immunity and Inflammation

Parenteral Fish Oil, Immunity and Inflammation

Summary and Conclusions

References

Importance of Fatty Acids in the Perinatal Period

Abstract

Indications of the relevance of fatty acids during the perinatal period

Body Composition and the Risk of Obesity

Neurological and Cognitive Development

Allergic Disease Risk

Conclusion

References

Commercial Lipid Emulsions and All-in-One Mixtures for Intravenous Infusion – Composition and Physicochemical Properties

Abstract

Introduction

Basic Physicochemical Properties of Lipid Emulsions

Relevant Pharmacopoeial Standards for Lipid Emulsions

Important Clinical Issues

Composition of the Lipid Emulsion

Quality and Stability of Lipid Emulsions

Desired Dose and Infusion Rate in the Selected Patient Population

Summary

References

In vivo Handling and Metabolism of Lipid Emulsions

Abstract

Intravenous Lipid Emulsions: An Overview

Metabolism of Intravenous Lipid Emulsions

Introduction of Non-Soybean Oil Triglycerides into Lipid Emulsions

Clinical Aspects of Intravenous Lipid Emulsions in Humans

Animal Models for Studying Metabolism of Intravenous Lipid Emulsions

Conclusions

References

Parenteral Lipids: Safety Aspects and Toxicity

Abstract

Introduction

Physicochemical Stability

Hypertriglyceridemia and Fat Overload Syndrome

Liver Function

Pulmonary Dysfunction

Oxidative Stress and Bioactive Emulsion Components Other Than Lipids

Blood Clotting/Bleeding

Infections

Conclusion

References

Intravenous Lipids in Preterm Infants: Impact on Laboratory and Clinical Outcomes and Long-Term Consequences

Abstract

Introduction

Essential and Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids

Early Lipid Administration

Monitoring during Lipid Administration

Search for the Optimal Composition of Lipid Emulsions

Lipids and Parenteral Nutrition-Associated Liver Disease

Summary

References

Intravenous Lipid Emulsions in Term Infants: Impact on Laboratory and Clinical Outcomes and Long-Term Consequences

Abstract

Introduction

The Effect of Lipid Emulsions on Substrate Utilization and Protein Sparing

The Effect of Lipid Emulsions on Laboratory and Clinical Outcomes

Hepatic Complications

Long-Term Outcomes

Summary

References

Intestinal Failure-Associated Liver Disease and the Use of Fish Oil-Based Lipid Emulsions

Abstract

Introduction

Definition and Pathological Expression of Liver Disease

Hepatic Steatosis

Cholestasis and Fibrosis

Incidence and Prevalence of Liver Disease

Pathophysiology of Liver Disease

Prematurity

Sepsis and Inflammation

Parenteral Nutrition-Related Factors

Intravenous Lipid Supply and Cholestatic Liver Disease

Prevention of Intestinal Failure-Associated Liver Disease

Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth

Use of Fish Oil-based Lipid Emulsions

Conclusion

References

Intravenous Lipids in Adult Surgical Patients

Abstract

Introduction

Lipid Emulsions in Surgical Patients

Selection of Patients

Summary

References

Intravenous Lipids in Adult Intensive Care Unit Patients

Abstract

General Aspects of Nutritional Support for Intensive Care Patients

Parenteral Nutrition of Intensive Care Unit Patients

Lipid Emulsions in Parenteral Nutrition of Intensive Care Unit Patients

Summary and Outlook

References

Intravenous Fish Oil in Adult Intensive Care Unit Patients

Abstract

Introduction

Specialties of the Biology of Omega-3 and Omega-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in the Critically Ill

The Antihyperinflammatory Role of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in the Critically Ill

Inflammatory Reactions in the Lung

Peritonitis and Abdominal Sepsis

Conclusion

References

Intravenous Lipids in Home Parenteral Nutrition

Abstract

References

The Complexity of Prescribing Intravenous Lipid Emulsions

Abstract

Why to Prescribe Intravenous Lipid Emulsions

When to Prescribe Lipid Emulsions

Indications

Contraindications

Why Different Lipid Emulsions were Designed for Clinical Practice

How to Choose the Best Lipid Emulsion Prescription for Your Patient

Metabolically Stable Patients

Hypermetabolic Patients

Oxidative Stress

Immune Dysfunction

Thrombosis

How to Prescribe Lipid Emulsions

When to Start Lipid Emulsion Infusion

How Much Lipid Emulsion to Infuse

Where to Infuse Lipid Emulsions

Final Considerations

References

Use of Intravenous Lipids: What Do the Guidelines Say?

Abstract

Introduction

Intravenous Lipids in Surgical Patients

European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism Guidelines

Comment

Intravenous Lipids in Intensive Care

European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism Guidelines

Comment

American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition Recommendations

The German Guidelines

Comment

Intravenous Lipids in Oncology and Haematology

Comment

Intravenous Lipids and Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Pancreatic Disease

Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Liver Disease

Acute Pancreatitis

Intravenous Lipids in Home Parenteral Nutrition

Conclusion

References

Author Index

Subject Index

Cover