Chapter
Frailty: Scaling from Cellular Deficit Accumulation?
Frailty and Age-Related Deficit Accumulation
The Origin of Deficit Accumulation
Frailty at the Organ Level: Variable Organ Dysfunction
Evidence for Scaling in Humans
Mechanisms by Which Frailty Might Emerge from Subcellular Deficits
Assessment of Frailty in Animal Models
Frailty and Its Measurement
The Evaluation of Frailty in Invertebrates
The Assessment of Frailty in Mammals
Frailty, Inflammation and Immunosenescence
How Can We Define Aging and Frailty?
What Is the Cause of Frailty?
How Can We Conceptualize Immune/Inflammation in the Pathogenesis of Frailty? Unique or Integrative Approach
Sex Differences in Frailty
Sex Differences in Life Expectancy
Social and Behavioral Factors
Sex Differences in Health Status
Pathophysiological Factors
Frailty as a Product of the Recovery Rate and the Environment
Why Can Women Better Tolerate Their Health Deficits?
Safety Factors and Quantitative Evolutionary Design
Frailty and the Microbiome
Our Resident Microbes: Numerous, Diverse and Differentiated
Key Functions of the Human Microbiome
From Healthy Communities to Dysbiosis
What Role Do Microbes Play in Aging and Frailty?
Exploring the Potential Connection between Microbes and Frailty
Evaluation and Management of Frailty
Operationalizing Frailty Using the Frailty Phenotype and Deficit Accumulation Approaches
The Deficit Accumulation, or Frailty Index, Approach
The Frailty Phenotype, or Syndromic, Approach
Other Operational Definitions of Frailty
Comparison and Clinical Applications of the Frailty Phenotype and Frailty Index Approaches
Comparison of the Nature of the Items Included in the Frailty Index and the Frailty Phenotype
Comparison of the Properties of the Frailty Index and the Frailty Phenotype
Frailty Assessment in Clinical Settings
Frailty: An Age-Independent Marker of Risk that Fits the Biopsychosocial Model of Primary Care
The Frailty Index in Primary Care
The Frailty Phenotype in Primary Care
Frailty Tools in Primary Care: Recommendations from Systematic Reviews
Frailty Screening and Intervention in Primary Care: Randomized Controlled Trials
New Commissioning Models in Primary Care: Examples from the United Kingdom
Hospital Care for Frail Elderly Adults: From Specialized Geriatric Units to Hospital-Wide Interventions
Hospital-Associated Disability
Specialized Geriatric Interventions
Geriatric and Frailty Evaluation
Patient Targeting, Screening, Risk Assessment, Case Finding, Triage, and Referral
Geriatric and Frailty Management
How Frailty and Mobility Relate
Specific Mobility Disorders and Frailty
The Consequences of Impaired Mobility and Frailty
Frailty and Mobility within Acute Care
Frailty and Mobility in Dementia
Why Mobility Must Be Disturbed in Delirium
Frailty, Mobility and Age-Related Impairments
Frailty, Mobility and Age-Related Impairments: The Frailty Phenotype
Immobility and Reinforcement of the Frailty Stereotype
Frailty, Mobility and the Dignity of Risk
Scope for Intervention in Disorders of Mobility and Frailty
Frailty and Interprofessional Collaboration
Introduction to the Clinical Teaching Unit at the University Health Center
The Case for Interprofessionalism
Key Principles of Interprofessional Collaborative Practice
Interprofessional Collaboration Reconsidered
Three Interdependent Processes of Practice
Processes of Representation
Processes of Sense-Making
Processes of Improvisation
Frailty and Rehabilitation
Frailty in the Context of Rehabilitation
Frailty and Potential Rehabilitation Approaches
Frailty as a ‘Risk Factor’ in Rehabilitation Programs
Rehabilitating Frailty: Broader Empirical Research
Intervention in Pre-Frailty
The Frailty Intervention Trial Program
Principles for Rehabilitation in Frailty
Components of the Frailty Intervention Trial Program
The Frailty Intervention Trial Program: The Intervention
The Frailty Intervention Trial Program: Information Processing
The Frailty Intervention Trial Program: Adherence
Usual Care (Control) Group
Implementation of the Frailty Intervention Trial Program: Observations
Results of the Frailty Intervention Trial Program
Interpreting the Results of the Frailty Intervention Trial Program
End of Life Care in Frailty
Challenges to Optimal End-of-Life Care Delivery in Frailty
Symptom Management in Frailty
What Is Needed to Move Health Care Providers and Systems Forward in the Provision of End-of-Life Care in Frailty?
Social Aspects of Frailty
Frailty and Organization of Health and Social Care
Frailty Identification as a Guide for Integrated Care
Potential Benefits of Routine Frailty Identification in Different Settings
Improving the Organization of Health and Social Care for Older People with Frailty
Frailty’s Place in Ethics and Law: Some Thoughts on Equality and Autonomy and on Limits and Possibilities for Aging Citizens
Autonomy and Informed Choice
Frailty and Social Vulnerability
Social Vulnerability and Its Measurement
Outcomes of Social Vulnerability
Clinical Relevance of Social Vulnerability
Frailty in Aging
：Biological, Clinical and Social Implications
( Interdisciplinary Topics in Gerontology and Geriatrics )
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