Description
The age-standardized mortality rate for hemorrhagic stroke has decreased worldwide over the past two decades, but incidence, number of deaths, and lost disability-adjusted life-years (DALY) continue to increase. Moreover, hemorrhagic stroke occurs half as frequently globally as ischemic stroke, but causes significantly more deaths and lost DALY. Milestone studies of the past decade - STICH, FAST, and INTERACT2 - indicate the importance of hyperacute care for intracerebral hemorrhage; despite this, there is to date no established strategy for patients analogous to reperfusion therapy for ischemic stroke. This book, written by world-renowned experts, covers all current topics related to the diagnosis and management of intracerebral hemorrhage. It will contribute to an improved understanding of current and future aspects concerning optimal management of patients. This is a comprehensive, up-to-date resource for neurologists, neurosurgeons and trainees.
Chapter
Incidence and Early Case Fatality Rate
Emergency Imaging of IntracerebralHaemorrhage
Establishing the Diagnosis of Intracerebral Haemorrhage
Establishing the Underlying Cause of Intracerebral Haemorrhage
Screening Patients for Secondary Intracerebral Haemorrhage
The ‘Spot Sign’ and Haematoma Expansion
Proposed Imaging Framework for Emergent Intracerebral Haemorrhage Management
Evidence-Based Critical Care of Intracerebral Hemorrhage: An Overview
New Insights into Blood Pressure Control for Intracerebral Haemorrhage
Incidence and Pathophysiology of Elevated Blood Pressure in Intracerebral Haemorrhage
Prognostic Significance of Elevated Blood Pressure in Acute Intracerebral Haemorrhage
Pathophysiological Effects of Blood Pressure in Intracerebral Haemorrhage
Current Guidelines for Blood Pressure Control in Intracerebral Haemorrhage
Safety and Feasibility of Blood Pressure Lowering in Acute Intracerebral Haemorrhage
Effect of Blood Pressure Lowering on Clinical Outcomes
Effects of Blood Pressure Lowering on Haematoma Growth
Specific Antihypertensive Agents
Emergency Reversal Strategies for Anticoagulation and Platelet Disorders
Incidence and Risk Factors for Bleeding in Patients on Old and New Anticoagulants
Reversal of Conventional Anticoagulants
Reversal of New Direct Factor Xa Inhibitors
Reversal of Direct Thrombin Inhibitors
Reversal of Antiplatelet Agents
Reperfusion-Related Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Definition and Frequency of Symptomatic Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Predictors of and Factors Related to Intravenous Thrombolysis-Related Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Predictors of and Factors Related to Endovascular Therapy-Related Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Cerebral Microbleeds: Detection, Associations and Clinical Implications
Pathological Features (1): Blood-Breakdown Products
Detection of Cerebral Microbleeds
Distribution and Associations
Pathological Features (2): Vascular Burden
Coexisting Small Vessel Disease Markers
Disease and Cerebral Microbleeds
Neurological Dysfunction and Cerebral Microbleeds
Clinical Relevance of Cerebral Microbleeds
Conclusions and Future Directions
New Insights into Nonvitamin K Antagonist Oral Anticoagulants’ Reversal of Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Features of Intracerebral Hemorrhage during Nonvitamin K Antagonist Oral Anticoagulant Treatment
What Should Be Done When Intracerebral Hemorrhage Occurs?
What Can Be Considered When Intracerebral Hemorrhage Occurs?
Ultra-Early Hemostatic Therapy for Intracerebral Hemorrhage: Future Directions
Scope of the Problem: Hematoma Growth
Prediction of Intracerebral Hemorrhage Growth: The Spot Sign
Pathophysiology of Early Hematoma Growth
Aminocaproic Acid, Tranexamic Acid, and Aprotinin
Ventriculostomy and Lytic Therapy for Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Epidemiology and Pathophysiology
Prognostication in Spontaneous Intraventricular Hemorrhage
Conventional Intraventricular Hemorrhage Therapy and Rationale for Thrombolytics
Safety Issues in Thrombolytic Therapy
Genetic and Imaging Predictors of Safety and Outcome of Fibrinolytic Therapy in Intracranial Hemorrhage/Intraventricular Hemorrhage
Strategies to Improve Fibrinolytic Drug Delivery
Mechanical Strategies to Improve Intraventricular Hemorrhage Removal
External Ventricular Drain Management during Thrombolysis
Surgical Craniotomy for Intracerebral Haemorrhage
Pathophysiological Considerations
Evidence from Clinical Trials
New Insights in Minimally Invasive Surgery for Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Principles of Minimally Invasive Surgical Treatment of Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Historical Overview of Minimally Invasive Surgery of Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Minimally Invasive Surgery Indications
Minimally Invasive Surgery Timing
Minimally Invasive Surgery Methods
Perioperative Management of Blood Pressure
Surgical Strategies for Acutely Ruptured Arteriovenous Malformations
Pathology and Pathogenesis
Clinical Presentation and Natural History
Hematoma Removal versus Hematoma Plus Arteriovenous Malformation Resection
Intraoperative Management
Prognosis and Outcome of Intracerebral Haemorrhage
Short- and Long-Term Mortality after Spontaneous Intracerebral Haemorrhage
Early and Late Seizures in Intracerebral Haemorrhage
Depression Post-Intracerebral Haemorrhage
Cognitive Decline and Dementia Post-Intracerebral Haemorrhage
Risks of Future Recurrent Intracerebral Haemorrhage and Ischaemic Events
New Insights in Intracerebral Hemorrhage
( Frontiers of Neurology and Neuroscience )
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