Cover

Front Matter

Contents

Preface

Neuroprogression in Schizophrenia and Psychotic Disorders: The Possible Role of Inflammation

Abstract

Introduction

Clinical Aspects of Neuroprogression in Schizophrenia and Psychotic Disorders

Neuroimaging Aspects of Neuroprogression in Schizophrenia and Psychotic Disorders

CNS Volume Loss in Imaging Studies – A Consequence of an Inflammatory Process?

Relationship between Cytokines, Infection, and the Risk of Schizophrenia

Progression of Inflammation Increases the Risk for Schizophrenia

Cytokine Alterations and Neuroprogression in Schizophrenia

The Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase-Related Pathway in Schizophrenia: Neuroprotective or Neurotoxic?

The Effects of Anti-Inflammatory Treatment Underline the Neuroprogression Theory of Schizophrenia: Therapeutic Benefit in Early Stages

Further Immune-Related Substances in the Therapy of Schizophrenia

Acknowledgement

References

The Link between Refractoriness and Neuroprogression in Treatment-Resistant Bipolar Disorder

Abstract

Introduction

Current Treatment Options for Treatment-Resistant Bipolar Disorder and Their Efficacy

Neuroprogression and Bipolar Disorder

Clinical Implications of Neuroprogression and Refractoriness

Conclusions

Acknowledgment

References

Neuroprogression and Immune Activation in Major Depressive Disorder

Abstract

Introductory Comments

Microglial Activation

Loss of Activated Astroglia

Elevated Monoamine Oxidase A

Glutamate Dysregulation

Concluding Comments

References

Inflammation Effects on Glutamate as a Pathway to Neuroprogression in Mood Disorders

Abstract

Introduction

Depression – Scope and Consequences

Basis for the Role of Inflammation in the Etiology of Mood Disorders and Depression

Glutamate Physiology and Pathology in Major Depressive Disorder

Glutamate-Glutamine Cycling and Glutamate Transporters

Glutamate Receptors

Intra- versus Extrasynaptic Glutamate Receptors

Synaptogenic Effects of Glia and Glutamate

Buffering and Handling of Extrasynaptic Glutamate Spillover

Dysregulation of Glutamate Homeostasis by Inflammatory Activity

Empirical Evidence of the Association between Inflammatory Activation and Glutamate Dysregulation

Immune-Glutamate Dysfunction as a Pathway to Neuroprogression – A Working Model and Hypothesis

Translational and Treatment Implications

Concluding Remarks

References

Major Depression as a Neuroprogressive Prelude to Dementia: What Is the Evidence?

Abstract

Introduction

The Importance of the Immune System and Inflammation in Major Depression and Alzheimer Disease

The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis and Its Importance in Neuroprogression

Proinflammatory Cytokines, Glucocorticoids, and Neurotoxicity in Major Depression and Alzheimer Disease

A Working Hypothesis

Conclusions

References

Innate Immune Memory: Implications for Microglial Function and Neuroprogression

Abstract

Introduction

Peripheral Innate Immune Memory

Central Innate Immune Memory

General Conclusions

References

Inflammatory and Innate Immune Markers of Neuroprogression in Depressed and Teenage Suicide Brain

Abstract

Inflammation and Neuroprogression in Mood Disorders

Cytokines and Depression

Cytokines in Suicide

Inflammatory Cytokines in the Brain as Risk Factors for Depression and Suicide

Cytokine Studies in the Brain of Teenage Subjects

Cytokine Studies in the Brain of Adult Patients

Toll-Like Receptors in Depression and Suicide

Cytokines

Conclusion and Future Directions

Acknowledgments

References

Towards an Integrated View of Early Molecular Changes Underlying Vulnerability to Social Stress in Psychosis

Abstract

Introduction

NMDAR Hypofunction and Psychosis

Inflammation and Psychosis

Oxidative Stress and Psychosis

Social Stress and Psychosis

Towards a Common Molecular Pathway

Conclusion

References

Neurodegeneration, Neuroregeneration, and Neuroprotection in Psychiatric Disorders

Abstract

Introduction

Neurodegeneration and Neuroregeneration

Neurodegeneration and Gross Brain Volume Changes

Inflammation, Depression, and Neurodegeneration

Spine and Dendritic Changes in Neurodegeneration and Neuroprotection

Drugs, Life Style, and Exercise in Neurodegeneration and Neuroregeneration

The Hypercortisolemia-Neurotoxic Hypothesis of Depression

Other Drugs in Neurodegeneration

Electroconvulsive Treatment and Brain Volume

Neuronal Vulnerability and Specificity Issues in Neurodegeneration and Regeneration

Conclusion

References

The Contribution of Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis to the Progression of Psychiatric Disorders

Abstract

Introduction

Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis

Neurogenesis across the Life Span

Functional Significance of Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis

Positive Regulators of Neurogenesis

Negative Regulators of Neurogenesis

Neurogenesis in Schizophrenia

Neurogenesis in Major Depressive Disorder

Concluding Remarks

References

The Brain-Gut Axis Contributes to Neuroprogression in Stress-Related Disorders

Abstract

Introduction

The Stress Response and Stress-Related Disorders

Stress and Neuroimmune Function

The Role of Gastrointestinal Microbiota in the Neuroprogression of Stress-Related Disorders as a Consequence of Neuroinflammatory Processes

Concluding Remarks

References

Pharmacological and Nonpharmacological Interventions to Arrest Neuroprogression in Psychiatric Disorders

Abstract

Introduction

Pharmacological Interventions to Arrest Neuroprogression

Nonpharmacological Interventions to Arrest Neuroprogression

Discussion

Conclusions

References

Author Index

Subject Index

Cover