Cover

Contents

Preface

Clinical Presentations and Pathological Correlates of Retinopathy

Abstract

Morphological Lesions

Pattern of Distribution of Retinopathy Lesions

Visual Impairment in Diabetic Retinopathy

Conclusions

References

Retinal Vascular Permeability in Health and Disease

Abstract

Physiology of the Retinal Vascular Network

Physiology of the Blood-Retinal Barrier

Molecular Biology of the Blood-Retinal Barrier

Pathophysiology of the Blood-Retinal Barrier Breakdown

Macular Edema

Assays for Studying the Permeability of the Blood-Retinal Barrier

Retinal Diseases Where the Blood-Retinal Barrier Is Impaired

Blood-Retinal Barrier Breakdown and Drug Delivery

Medical and Surgical Treatments for Blood-Retinal Barrier Breakdown

Conclusions

References

In vivo Models of Diabetic Retinopathy

Abstract

Early Stage of Diabetic Retinopathy, Histopathology

Animal Models of Diabetic Retinopathy

Neovascularization

Conclusions

References

Pericyte Loss in the Diabetic Retina

Abstract

Pericyte

Retinal Pericyte Function

Pericyte Loss in Diabetic Retinopathy

Mechanisms of Pericyte Loss

Conclusions

References

Neuroglia in the Diabetic Retina

Abstract

Microglial Cells

Astrocytes

Müller Cells

Conclusions

Acknowledgements

References

Regulatory and Pathogenic Roles of Müller Glial Cells in Retinal Neovascular Processes and Their Potential for Retinal Regeneration

Abstract

Role of Müller Glia in Inflammation and Angiogenesis

Control of Extracellular Matrix Deposition by Müller Cells

Neuroprotective Role of Müller Glia

Müller Glial Cells as a Source of Retinal Neurons in the Adult Eye

Potential Barriers for Stem Cell Transplantation to Regenerate Retinal Neurons in the Diabetic Retina

Potential of Müller Stem Cells for the Development of Human Therapies to Restore Retinal Function Damaged by Disease

References

Growth Factors in the Diabetic Eye

Abstract

Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor

Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1

Platelet-Derived Growth Factor

Fibroblast Growth Factor

Hepatocyte Growth Factor

Angiopoietins

Connective Tissue Factor

Stromal Cell-Derived Factor 1

Concluding Remarks and Future ClinicalApplications

References

Balance between Pigment Epithelium-Derived Factor and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in Diabetic Retinopathy

Abstract

VEGF and PEDF in the Eye

PEDF/VEGF in the Diabetic Retinopathy

VEGF/PEDF in Experimental Studies of Diabetic Retinopathy

Plasma PEDF Levels – Diabetes and Nephropathy

Anti-VEGF Therapy for Diabetic Retinopathy

References

The Renin-Angiotensin System in the Eye

Abstract

History of the Renin-Angiotensin System

The Circulating Renin-Angiotensin System

Tissue Renin-Angiotensin Systems

The Renin-Angiotensin System in the Eye

The Ocular Renin-Angiotensin System in Diabetes

Molecular Mechanisms of Tissue Damage in Diabetes

The Retinal Renin-Angiotensin System and Diabetic Tissue Damage

Inhibition of the Renin-Angiotensin System in Diabetic Retinopathy

Conclusions

References

Interactions of Leukocytes with the Endothelium

Abstract

Multistep Process of Leukocyte Recruitment

Regulation of Leukocyte Integrin-Mediated Adhesion

Leukocyte Transendothelial Migration

Leukocyte-Endothelial Interactions in the Diabetic Retina

References

Stem and Progenitor Cells in the Retina

Abstract

Niches

Characteristics of a Stem Cell

Types of Stem and Precursor Cells

Bone Marrow-Derived Cells Participate in Normal Maintenance and Repair of the Endothelium

Methods for Studying Stem/Progenitor Cell Behavior

Factors Regulating Stem and Progenitor Cell Involvement in Angiogenesis

CD34+ and CD14+ Cells in Diabetes

Conclusion

References

Role of Pericytes in Vascular Biology

Abstract

Pericytes Are Cells with a Unique Position in the Microvascular Wall

Identification of Pericytes

Functions of Pericytes

Acknowledgements

References

Current Approaches to Retinopathy as a Predictor of Cardiovascular Risk

Abstract

Diabetic Retinopathy and Mortality

Diabetic Retinopathy and Cerebrovascular Disease

Diabetic Retinopathy and Heart Disease

Retinal Venules and Cardiovascular Disease

Pathogenic Links between Retinopathy and Cardiovascular Disease

Genetic Links between Retinopathy and Cardiovascular Disease

Implications

Conclusion

References

From Bedside to Bench and Back: Open Problems in Clinical and Basic Research

Abstract

References

Author Index

Subject Index

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