Milk and Milk Products in Human Nutrition

Contents

Preface

Foreword

Contributors

Milk during Pregnancy and Infancy

Milk Intake, Calcium and Vitamin D inPregnancy and Lactation: Effects onMaternal, Fetal and Infant Bone inLow- and High-Income Countries

Abstract

Introduction

Calcium as a Bone-Forming Mineral

Calcium Requirements for Infancy, Pregnancy and Lactation

Vitamin D Requirements for Infancy, Pregnancy and Lactation

Dietary Sources and Intakes of Calcium

Dietary Sources and Intakes of Vitamin D

Animal Milk Consumption in Low- and High-Income Countries

Implications of a Low Calcium Intake for Maternal and InfantBone Health

Implications of a Low Vitamin D Supply for Maternal and InfantBone Health

Animal Milk Intake in Pregnancy and Lactation

Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Discussion

References

Human Milk vs. Cow’s Milk and theEvolution of Infant Formulas

Abstract

Introduction

Principal Differences between Human Milk and Cow’s Milk

The History of Infant Formulas

Recent Modifications of Infant Formulas

References

Discussion

References

Whole Cow’s Milk in Early Life

Abstract

Cow’s Milk in Infancy and Iron Deficiency

Infant Formula instead of Whole Cow’s Milk

Whole Cow’s Milk and the Consequences of the High ProteinConcentration

Allergy and Cow’s Milk Protein

Cow’s Milk and Less Evident Hypothesis on Diabetes Type 1 andAutism

Conclusions

References

Discussion

References

Biological Effects of Novel BovineMilk Fractions

Abstract

Introduction

-Lactalbumin

Lactoferrin

Osteopontin

Milk Fat Globule Membrane Proteins

Conclusions

References

Discussion

Reference

Milk and Oral Health

Abstract

Oral Health in a Global Perspective

Determinants for Dental Caries

Potential Anticariogenic Effects of Milk

Milk and Dental Health in Children

Dairy Products and Oral Health in Adults

Milk as a Carrier of Therapeutic Agents

Conclusion

References

Discussion

Reference

Milk during Childhood in Low- and High-Income Countries

Milk and Growth in Children: Effects ofWhey and Casein

Abstract

Milk and Growth

Whey and Casein

Body Composition

Mechanism

References

Discussion

References

Milk and Linear Growth: Programming ofthe IGF-I Axis and Implication forHealth in Adulthood

Abstract

Introduction

Childhood Stature and Health in Adulthood

Breast Milk, Cows Milk and Stature

Milk and Health in Adulthood

Insulin-Like Growth Factors, Nutrition and Adult ChronicDisease Risk

Nutritional Programming of IGF-I

Implications

Acknowledgements

References

Discussion

References

Cow’s Milk in Treatment of Moderateand Severe Undernutrition inLow-Income Countries

Abstract

Introduction

Definition of Undernutrition

Size of the Undernutrition Problem

Why Is Milk So Effective?

Protein

Lactose

Minerals

Effects of Milk on Nutritional Status

Cow’s Milk Products Used in Treatment of Undernutrition

Products for Treating Undernutrition

Potential Negative Effects of Using Cow’s Milk

Recommendations on the Use of Milk in Treating Undernutrition

References

Discussion

Reference

Effects of Animal Source Foods, withEmphasis on Milk, in the Diet ofChildren in Low-Income Countries

Abstract

Introduction

Observational Studies

Intervention Trials

Milk from Other Animals

Unresolved Questions Concerning Cow’s Milk and Children’sHealth in Developing Countries

Conclusions

References

Discussion

Evidence for Acne-Promoting Effects ofMilk and Other Insulinotropic DairyProducts

Abstract

Epidemiological Evidence for the Relation between MilkConsumption and Acne

Combinations of Milk and Carbohydrates PotentiateInsulinotropic Effects

Milk Consumption Elevates Postprandial Insulinemia, GH andIGF-I Plasma Levels

Whey Proteins: The Major Inducers of PostprandialHyperinsulinemia

A Possible Role of Bovine Betacellulin in Acne Pathogenesis

Evidence for a Milk-Entero-Pituitary Axis?

Existence of a Milk-Pituitary-Adrenal-Sebocyte Axis?

Nutrigenomic Effects of Milk on FoxO1 Signaling in AcnePathogenesis

Acne-Cancer Relationship

Conclusion

References

Discussion

References

General Aspects of Milk: Milk in Adult Nutrition

Milk Proteins in the Regulation ofBody Weight, Satiety, Food Intakeand Glycemia

Abstract

Introduction

Dairy Consumption, Body Weight and the Metabolic Syndrome

Characteristics of Cow’s Milk Proteins

Milk Proteins, Satiety and Food Intake

Milk Proteins and Satiety Mechanisms

Milk Proteins and Glycemic Control

Conclusions

References

Discussion

Reference

Lactose Intolerance: An UnnecessaryRisk for Low Bone Density

Abstract

References

Discussion

Milk and the Risk and Progression ofCancer

Abstract

Introduction

Key Issues in Diet-Cancer Research

Colorectal Cancer

Prostate Cancer

Breast and Ovarian Cancer

Conclusions

References

Discussion

Reference

Milk A1 and A2 Peptides and Diabetes

Abstract

Introduction

Overview Dietary Peptides

Overview Diabetes

Dietary Peptides and Diabetes

Conclusion

References

Discussion

Milk Fat and Health Consequences

Abstract

Dairy Fat Composition

Saturated Fats and Cholesterol

Effect of Dairy Fats in the Diet

Trans Fatty Acids

Omega-3 Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids

Bioactive Phospholipids

Conclusions

References

Discussion

References

Concluding Remarks

Subject Index