Cover

Half-title

Title page

Copyright information

Table of contents

List of Figures

List of Tables

List of Contributors

Editor’s Preface and Acknowledgments

Introduction

Introduction

1 Embodiment and Discourse: Dimensions and Dynamics of Contemporary Metaphor Theory

Chapter Preview

1 The Cognition–Discourse Divide in Metaphor Theory

2 The Influence of Conceptual Metaphor Theory

3 Toward a Multidimensional and Dynamic Socio-Cognitive Model

3.1 ‘‘Primary’’ vs. ‘‘Complex’’ Metaphors

3.2 Manifestations of Metaphor at Multiple Levels

3.3 Complex-Dynamic Systems

4 Complex Interrelations between Levels

4.1 Primary Metaphor in a Multidimensional Model

4.2 Complex Metaphors in a Multidimensional Model

5 More on Metaphor in Real-Time Face-to-Face Interaction

6 Activation of Source-Domain Content in Discourse

6.1 Approaching Salient Metaphor in Discourse

6.2 Simulation of Source-Domain Content

7 Concluding Remarks

Notes and Acknowledgments

Part I Metaphor in Cognition

2 Sources and Targets in Primary Metaphor Theory: Looking Back and Thinking Ahead

Chapter Preview

1 Introduction

2 Looking Back: Primary Metaphors in Conceptual Metaphor Theory

2.1 On the Nature of Primary Metaphors

Basicness

Sensory vs. Non-sensory Concepts

Directionality

Correlation and Covariation

Wide Distribution across Languages

Bases for More Complex Conceptualization

2.2 On the Function(ality) of Primary Metaphors

3 Thinking Ahead: A Proposal on the Neural Character of Primary Source and Target

3.1 Localized vs. Distributed Neural Substrates

3.2 Attentional Mechanisms

4 Conclusion

Notes and Acknowledgments

3 The Hierarchical Structure of Mental Metaphors

Chapter Preview

1 Introduction

2 Origin and Universality of Mental Metaphors: Puzzles and Paradoxes

3 A Proposed Solution: Hierarchical Mental Metaphors Theory

4 Spatial Representations of Musical Pitch: Universals and Language-Specificity

4.1 Differences in Nonlinguistic Pitch Representations Not Due to Verbal Labeling during the Task

4.2 Does Using Different Linguistic Metaphors Cause People to Use Different Mental Metaphors?

4.3 When Does Language Shape SPACE–PITCH Mappings?

4.4 Hierarchical Construction of Spatial Metaphors for Pitch

5 Spatial Representations of Temporal Sequences: Universals and Culture-Specificity

5.1 Separating Effects of Language and Culture on SPACE–TIME Mappings

5.2 Hierarchical Construction of Spatial Metaphors for Temporal Sequence

5.3 Spatial Representations of Emotional Valence: Universals and Body-Specificity

5.4 Experiential Basis of Lateral SPACE–VALENCE Mappings

5.5 Hierarchical Construction of Spatial Metaphors for Valence

6 Hierarchical Construction of Language-, Culture-, and Body-Specific Mental Metaphors

Notes and Acknowledgments

4 Metaphorical Directionality: The Role of Language

Chapter Preview

1 Metaphorical Directionality: Introduction

2 Verbal vs. Conceptual Metaphors

2.1 Experimental Evidence for Conceptual Metaphors: The Directionality Problem

2.2 Previous Attempts to Cope with the Directionality Problem

3 Verbal Metaphors and Conceptual Associations

3.1 Two Phases of Metaphor Processing

3.2 Evidence for the Distinction between the Two Phases of Metaphor Processing

4 The Impact of Language on Metaphorical Directionality

4.1 The Importance of Linguistic Form

4.2 Language as a Prerequisite for Metaphorical Unidirectionality

5 From Mental Associations to Words

6 Conclusion

Notes and Acknowledgments

5 Body Schema and Body Image in Metaphorical Cognition

Chapter Preview

1 Introduction: The Role of the Body in Cognition

2 Body Schema and Body Image

2.1 The Body Schema

2.2 The Body Image

2.3 Relations between Body Schema and Body Image

3 Two Levels of Embodiment

3.1 Invisible Metonymies: The Body Schema as a Source Domain

3.2 Visible Metaphors: Body Image as a Source Domain

4 Embodied Simulation

5 Conclusions

Notes and Acknowledgments

6 Primary Metaphors Are Both Cultural and Embodied

Chapter Preview

1 Introduction

2 A Complex Web of Language, Culture, and Cognition

2.1 More is up

2.2 Social Distance is Physical Distance

2.3 Similarity is Proximity

3 A Cultural Feedback Loop

4 Interactions and Gradations between Primary Metaphors

5 Conclusions

Notes and Acknowledgments

Part II More than Metaphor

7 Source Actions Ground Metaphor via Metonymy: Toward a Frame-Based Account of Gestural Action in Multimodal Discourse

Chapter Preview

1 Introduction

2 Pragmatic Foundations of Metaphoric Processes in Multimodal Discourse

2.1 Embodiment: Bodily Semiotic Acts Mediate between Experiential Grounding and Conceptual Schematicity

2.2 Multifunctionality of (Primarily Metaphoric) Gestures

3 Strongly Embodied Construal Operations Motivating Metaphoric Processes

3.1 Experiential Basics: Primary Metaphors and Scenes

3.2 Varying Levels of Abstraction: Mimetic Schemas, Image Schemas, and Force Gestalts

3.3 Mental Representations, Modality, and Body Schema

4 Gestures Evoke Embodied Frames and Scenes: Metonymic Bases of Metaphoricity

4.1 Frames and Scenes Evoked in Multimodal Discourse

4.2 Frames and Metonymy

4.3 Interaction of Metonymy and Metaphor

5 Gestural Frame Evocation: Source Actions as Sources of Meaning and Understanding

5.1 Source Actions with Different Communicative and Cognitive-Pragmatic Functions

5.2 Basic Physical Action Frames Evoked through Speech and Iconic Gestures

5.3 Gestural Framing Actions Not Mentioned in Speech

5.4 Some Implications

6 Concluding Remarks

Notes and Acknowledgments

8 Metaphor and Other Cognitive Operations in Interaction: From Basicity to Complexity

Chapter Preview

1 Introduction

2 Conceptual Structure

3 Cognitive Operations

3.1 Construal Operations

3.2 Inferential Cognitive Operations

Content Operations Related to Metaphor

Content Operations Related to Metonymy

Content Operations Related to Over- and Understatement

Content Operations Related to Irony

Summary

4 Complexity

4.1 Frame Complexes and Image-Schema Complexes

4.2 Combining Content Operations

Metaphtonymy

Metonymic Chains

Metaphoric Chains

Metaphoric Amalgams

Amalgams vs. Blends

Hyperbole through Metaphor/Simile

Strengthened Irony through Hyperbole

5 Conclusion

Notes and Acknowledgments

9 On the Role of Embodied Cognition in the Understanding and Use of Metonymy

Chapter Preview

1 Introduction

2 Metonymy and Environmental Embodied Cognition

2.1 Affordances

2.2 Perceptual Salience

2.3 Part–Whole Processing

2.4. Cognitive Off-Loading

3 Metonymy and the Social Nature of Embodied Cognition

4 Metonymy and the Dynamic/Developmental Nature of Embodied Cognition

5 The Influence of Genre and Register on the Transparency of Embodied Metonymy

5.1 Genre

Communicative Purpose

Stage

Discourse-Community Membership

5.2 Register

Mode

6 Conclusion

Notes and Acknowledgments

Part III Metaphor in Discourse

10 The Cancer Card: Metaphor, Intimacy, and Humor in Online Interactions about the Experience of Cancer

Chapter Preview

1 Introduction

2 The Dynamics of Communication, Metaphor, and Humor

3 The Data

4 Analysis: ‘‘(Cancer) Card’’ on the Warped Thread

4.1 Idiosyncratic Use of a General Metaphoreme: ‘(Cancer) Card’ in the First Part of Warped

4.2 A Perturbation in the System: The ‘‘Cancer Card Services’’ Post

4.3 A Group-Specific Metaphoreme: The ‘‘Cancer Card’’ in the Rest of Warped

Literalization

The Development of ‘(Cancer) Card’ as a Discourse Community-Specific Metaphoreme

5 Conclusions

Notes and Acknowledgments

11 Mappings and Narrative in Figurative Communication

Chapter Preview

1 Introduction

2 LIFE IS A JOURNEY realized

2.1 Example 1: JOURNEY Metaphors in Talk

2.2 Example 2: JOURNEY Metaphors in Text and Picture

2.3 Example 3: JOURNEY Metaphors in an Image

2.4 Correspondences in LIFE IS A JOURNEY

3 Narratives and Metaphoremes

4 Figurative Language in Political Speeches

4.1 Methods and Data

4.2 Analysis of Structural Mappings and Correspondences

4.3 Analysis of Narratives and Metaphoremes

BE + parachuted + in

From on High

Every Step of the Way

Wall

5 Conclusions

Notes and Acknowledgments

12 Contextual Activation of Story Simulation in Metaphor Comprehension

Chapter Preview

1 Word Meanings vs. Concepts in Metaphor Comprehension

1.1 Traditional Approaches to Metaphor Comprehension

1.2 Conceptual Metaphor Theory

2 Metaphor Comprehension and Perceptual Simulation

2.1 Perceptual Simulation in Processing Literal Language

2.2 Lexical Processing

2.3 Perceptual Simulation in Processing Metaphorical Language

2.4 Evidence from Neurological Studies

3 Context, Elaboration, and Simulation

3.1 Depth of Processing

3.2 Context-Limited Simulation Theory (CLST)

3.3 Deliberate Metaphor Use

3.4 Context and Simulation Again

4 Stories and Metaphors

4.1 Metaphorical Stories

4.2 Story Metaphors

4.3 Transportation into the Story World and Simulation

4.4 Story Metaphors in Visual Communication

5 Conclusions

Notes and Acknowledgments

13 From Image Schema to Metaphor in Discourse: The FORCE Schemas in Animation Films

Chapter Preview

1 Introduction

2 Conventional Metaphors, Primary Metaphors, and Image Schemas

3 The FORCE Schemas according to Johnson (1987)

4 Literal FORCE in a Bugs Bunny Animation

5 Metaphorical FORCES in Art Animation: Death and the Mother

6 Metaphorical FORCE in Art Animation: The Hand/Ruka

7 Combining the FORCE Schemas with Other Concepts to Create Metaphorical Meaning

7.1 The JOURNEY and MAKING-AN-OBJECT Metaphors

7.2 Personification

7.3 Other Image Schemas, Feeding into Conventionalized Metaphors

7.4 Myths and Folk Knowledge

7.5 The Style of the Films

8 Concluding Remarks

Notes and Acknowledgments

14 Doing Metaphor: An Ecological Perspective on Metaphoricity in Discourse

Chapter Preview

1 Introduction

1.1 Metaphor and Metaphoricity

1.2 Metaphoricity in an Ecological Perspective

1.3 Rethinking Embodiment and Cognition

2 Method and Data

3 Analysis

3.1 Case Study 1: Metaphoricity in the Affordances of a Staff Meeting

Metaphoricity as Meaning Potential

Metaphoricity as Attractors in Arguing

3.2 Case Study 2: Metaphoricity in the Affordances of Couple’s Therapy

Patterns of Metaphoricity

Coupled Systems and Lexical Entrainment

The Coordination of Inter-Affectivity and Metaphoricity

4 Deliberateness in an Ecological Perspective

5 Conclusions

Notes and Acknowledgments

Part IV Salient Metaphor

15 Attention to Metaphor: Where Embodied Cognition and Social Interaction Can Meet, But May Not Often Do So

Chapter Preview

1 Introduction

2 Deliberate Metaphor Theory (DMT)

2.1 Attention to Metaphor

2.2 Attention to Metaphor, Embodied Cognition, and Social Interaction

3 Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT)

3.1 Experimental Evidence for CMT as Evidence for DMT

3.2 Experimental Evidence for CMT and Alternative DMT Interpretations

4 Attention to Metaphor: Embodied Cognition and Social Interaction

Notes and Acknowledgments

16 Waking Metaphors: Embodied Cognition in Multimodal Discourse

Chapter Preview

1 Introduction: Consciousness and Vitality of Metaphoric Meaning

2 A Dynamic View of Metaphoric Meaning: Sleeping and Waking Metaphors

3 From Waking Metaphors to a Salient Metaphoric Theme in a Tango Dance Class

4 Grading of Waking Metaphors: Attention, Dynamic Foregrounding, and Salience

5 Flow of Attention as Salience Profile: The Temporal Dynamics of Waking Metaphors

6 Conclusion

Notes and Acknowledgments

Epilogue (A Personal View)

17 The Embodied and Discourse Views of Metaphor: Why These Are Not So Different and How They Can Be Brought Closer Together

Chapter Preview

1 Introduction

2 Levels of Analysis

3 Different Methods

4 Four Examples of Metaphor Performance

5 Some Misleading Distinctions

6 Putting the Embodied and Discourse Views Together

7 Conclusion

References

Person Index

Subject Index