Chapter
6.2 Simulation of Source-Domain Content
Notes and Acknowledgments
Part I Metaphor in Cognition
2 Sources and Targets in Primary Metaphor Theory: Looking Back and Thinking Ahead
2 Looking Back: Primary Metaphors in Conceptual Metaphor Theory
2.1 On the Nature of Primary Metaphors
Sensory vs. Non-sensory Concepts
Correlation and Covariation
Wide Distribution across Languages
Bases for More Complex Conceptualization
2.2 On the Function(ality) of Primary Metaphors
3 Thinking Ahead: A Proposal on the Neural Character of Primary Source and Target
3.1 Localized vs. Distributed Neural Substrates
3.2 Attentional Mechanisms
Notes and Acknowledgments
3 The Hierarchical Structure of Mental Metaphors
2 Origin and Universality of Mental Metaphors: Puzzles and Paradoxes
3 A Proposed Solution: Hierarchical Mental Metaphors Theory
4 Spatial Representations of Musical Pitch: Universals and Language-Specificity
4.1 Differences in Nonlinguistic Pitch Representations Not Due to Verbal Labeling during the Task
4.2 Does Using Different Linguistic Metaphors Cause People to Use Different Mental Metaphors?
4.3 When Does Language Shape SPACE–PITCH Mappings?
4.4 Hierarchical Construction of Spatial Metaphors for Pitch
5 Spatial Representations of Temporal Sequences: Universals and Culture-Specificity
5.1 Separating Effects of Language and Culture on SPACE–TIME Mappings
5.2 Hierarchical Construction of Spatial Metaphors for Temporal Sequence
5.3 Spatial Representations of Emotional Valence: Universals and Body-Specificity
5.4 Experiential Basis of Lateral SPACE–VALENCE Mappings
5.5 Hierarchical Construction of Spatial Metaphors for Valence
6 Hierarchical Construction of Language-, Culture-, and Body-Specific Mental Metaphors
Notes and Acknowledgments
4 Metaphorical Directionality: The Role of Language
1 Metaphorical Directionality: Introduction
2 Verbal vs. Conceptual Metaphors
2.1 Experimental Evidence for Conceptual Metaphors: The Directionality Problem
2.2 Previous Attempts to Cope with the Directionality Problem
3 Verbal Metaphors and Conceptual Associations
3.1 Two Phases of Metaphor Processing
3.2 Evidence for the Distinction between the Two Phases of Metaphor Processing
4 The Impact of Language on Metaphorical Directionality
4.1 The Importance of Linguistic Form
4.2 Language as a Prerequisite for Metaphorical Unidirectionality
5 From Mental Associations to Words
Notes and Acknowledgments
5 Body Schema and Body Image in Metaphorical Cognition
1 Introduction: The Role of the Body in Cognition
2 Body Schema and Body Image
2.3 Relations between Body Schema and Body Image
3 Two Levels of Embodiment
3.1 Invisible Metonymies: The Body Schema as a Source Domain
3.2 Visible Metaphors: Body Image as a Source Domain
Notes and Acknowledgments
6 Primary Metaphors Are Both Cultural and Embodied
2 A Complex Web of Language, Culture, and Cognition
2.2 Social Distance is Physical Distance
2.3 Similarity is Proximity
3 A Cultural Feedback Loop
4 Interactions and Gradations between Primary Metaphors
Notes and Acknowledgments
Part II More than Metaphor
7 Source Actions Ground Metaphor via Metonymy: Toward a Frame-Based Account of Gestural Action in Multimodal Discourse
2 Pragmatic Foundations of Metaphoric Processes in Multimodal Discourse
2.1 Embodiment: Bodily Semiotic Acts Mediate between Experiential Grounding and Conceptual Schematicity
2.2 Multifunctionality of (Primarily Metaphoric) Gestures
3 Strongly Embodied Construal Operations Motivating Metaphoric Processes
3.1 Experiential Basics: Primary Metaphors and Scenes
3.2 Varying Levels of Abstraction: Mimetic Schemas, Image Schemas, and Force Gestalts
3.3 Mental Representations, Modality, and Body Schema
4 Gestures Evoke Embodied Frames and Scenes: Metonymic Bases of Metaphoricity
4.1 Frames and Scenes Evoked in Multimodal Discourse
4.3 Interaction of Metonymy and Metaphor
5 Gestural Frame Evocation: Source Actions as Sources of Meaning and Understanding
5.1 Source Actions with Different Communicative and Cognitive-Pragmatic Functions
5.2 Basic Physical Action Frames Evoked through Speech and Iconic Gestures
5.3 Gestural Framing Actions Not Mentioned in Speech
Notes and Acknowledgments
8 Metaphor and Other Cognitive Operations in Interaction: From Basicity to Complexity
3.2 Inferential Cognitive Operations
Content Operations Related to Metaphor
Content Operations Related to Metonymy
Content Operations Related to Over- and Understatement
Content Operations Related to Irony
4.1 Frame Complexes and Image-Schema Complexes
4.2 Combining Content Operations
Hyperbole through Metaphor/Simile
Strengthened Irony through Hyperbole
Notes and Acknowledgments
9 On the Role of Embodied Cognition in the Understanding and Use of Metonymy
2 Metonymy and Environmental Embodied Cognition
2.3 Part–Whole Processing
2.4. Cognitive Off-Loading
3 Metonymy and the Social Nature of Embodied Cognition
4 Metonymy and the Dynamic/Developmental Nature of Embodied Cognition
5 The Influence of Genre and Register on the Transparency of Embodied Metonymy
Discourse-Community Membership
Notes and Acknowledgments
Part III Metaphor in Discourse
10 The Cancer Card: Metaphor, Intimacy, and Humor in Online Interactions about the Experience of Cancer
2 The Dynamics of Communication, Metaphor, and Humor
4 Analysis: ‘‘(Cancer) Card’’ on the Warped Thread
4.1 Idiosyncratic Use of a General Metaphoreme: ‘(Cancer) Card’ in the First Part of Warped
4.2 A Perturbation in the System: The ‘‘Cancer Card Services’’ Post
4.3 A Group-Specific Metaphoreme: The ‘‘Cancer Card’’ in the Rest of Warped
The Development of ‘(Cancer) Card’ as a Discourse Community-Specific Metaphoreme
Notes and Acknowledgments
11 Mappings and Narrative in Figurative Communication
2 LIFE IS A JOURNEY realized
2.1 Example 1: JOURNEY Metaphors in Talk
2.2 Example 2: JOURNEY Metaphors in Text and Picture
2.3 Example 3: JOURNEY Metaphors in an Image
2.4 Correspondences in LIFE IS A JOURNEY
3 Narratives and Metaphoremes
4 Figurative Language in Political Speeches
4.2 Analysis of Structural Mappings and Correspondences
4.3 Analysis of Narratives and Metaphoremes
Notes and Acknowledgments
12 Contextual Activation of Story Simulation in Metaphor Comprehension
1 Word Meanings vs. Concepts in Metaphor Comprehension
1.1 Traditional Approaches to Metaphor Comprehension
1.2 Conceptual Metaphor Theory
2 Metaphor Comprehension and Perceptual Simulation
2.1 Perceptual Simulation in Processing Literal Language
2.3 Perceptual Simulation in Processing Metaphorical Language
2.4 Evidence from Neurological Studies
3 Context, Elaboration, and Simulation
3.2 Context-Limited Simulation Theory (CLST)
3.3 Deliberate Metaphor Use
3.4 Context and Simulation Again
4.3 Transportation into the Story World and Simulation
4.4 Story Metaphors in Visual Communication
Notes and Acknowledgments
13 From Image Schema to Metaphor in Discourse: The FORCE Schemas in Animation Films
2 Conventional Metaphors, Primary Metaphors, and Image Schemas
3 The FORCE Schemas according to Johnson (1987)
4 Literal FORCE in a Bugs Bunny Animation
5 Metaphorical FORCES in Art Animation: Death and the Mother
6 Metaphorical FORCE in Art Animation: The Hand/Ruka
7 Combining the FORCE Schemas with Other Concepts to Create Metaphorical Meaning
7.1 The JOURNEY and MAKING-AN-OBJECT Metaphors
7.3 Other Image Schemas, Feeding into Conventionalized Metaphors
7.4 Myths and Folk Knowledge
7.5 The Style of the Films
Notes and Acknowledgments
14 Doing Metaphor: An Ecological Perspective on Metaphoricity in Discourse
1.1 Metaphor and Metaphoricity
1.2 Metaphoricity in an Ecological Perspective
1.3 Rethinking Embodiment and Cognition
3.1 Case Study 1: Metaphoricity in the Affordances of a Staff Meeting
Metaphoricity as Meaning Potential
Metaphoricity as Attractors in Arguing
3.2 Case Study 2: Metaphoricity in the Affordances of Couple’s Therapy
Patterns of Metaphoricity
Coupled Systems and Lexical Entrainment
The Coordination of Inter-Affectivity and Metaphoricity
4 Deliberateness in an Ecological Perspective
Notes and Acknowledgments
15 Attention to Metaphor: Where Embodied Cognition and Social Interaction Can Meet, But May Not Often Do So
2 Deliberate Metaphor Theory (DMT)
2.1 Attention to Metaphor
2.2 Attention to Metaphor, Embodied Cognition, and Social Interaction
3 Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT)
3.1 Experimental Evidence for CMT as Evidence for DMT
3.2 Experimental Evidence for CMT and Alternative DMT Interpretations
4 Attention to Metaphor: Embodied Cognition and Social Interaction
Notes and Acknowledgments
16 Waking Metaphors: Embodied Cognition in Multimodal Discourse
1 Introduction: Consciousness and Vitality of Metaphoric Meaning
2 A Dynamic View of Metaphoric Meaning: Sleeping and Waking Metaphors
3 From Waking Metaphors to a Salient Metaphoric Theme in a Tango Dance Class
4 Grading of Waking Metaphors: Attention, Dynamic Foregrounding, and Salience
5 Flow of Attention as Salience Profile: The Temporal Dynamics of Waking Metaphors
Notes and Acknowledgments
Epilogue (A Personal View)
17 The Embodied and Discourse Views of Metaphor: Why These Are Not So Different and How They Can Be Brought Closer Together
4 Four Examples of Metaphor Performance
5 Some Misleading Distinctions
6 Putting the Embodied and Discourse Views Together