Chapter
1. Maulana Husain Ahmad Madani and the Jami‘at ‘Ulama-i-Hind
The anti-colonial activism of the ‘ulama
Muslims against Muslims: Iqbal, Maududi, and the Jami‘at ‘Ulama-i-Hind
The Jami‘at ‘Ulama-i-Hind against the Muslim League and against their ‘Ulama allies
The ‘New Medina’ of the Jami‘at ‘Ulama-i-Islam; ‘The Goodness of our India’ of the Jami‘at ‘Ulama-i-Hind
Courage and the partition of India
2. The Partition Conundrum: Perspectives, experiences and ambiguities from qasbahs in India
3. Choudhary Rahmat Ali and his Political Imagination: Pak Plan and the Continent of Dinia
Communal strife, pan-Islamism and Rahmat Ali’s early career
The genesis of Rahmat Ali’s political vision
The Pakistan National Movement and the fetish of ‘Indianism’
Now or Never and Pakistan as a political imaginary
Arguing for the Continent of Dinia
Appendix A: The Millat & Her Ten Nations: Foundation of the All-Dinia Milli Movement
Appendix B: The Millat & The Mission: Seven Commandments of Destiny for the ‘Seventh’ Continent of Dinia
4. Differentiating between Pakistan and Napak-istan: Maulana Abul Ala Maududi’s critique of the Muslim League and Muhammad Ali Jinnah
Civilization, nationalism and state: the Islamic alternative
Congress rule and the beginnings of Maududi’s political writings
Islam as a ‘party’ with a ‘revolutionary agenda’
Confrontation with the Muslim League
Towards the establishment of the Jama‘at-i-Islami
Jama‘at-i-Islami post-1947
Making peace with Pakistan
5. Advising the Army of Allah: Ashraf Ali Thanawi’s Critique of the Muslim League
Thanawi from the Khilafat Movement to the Pakistan Movement
Jinnah courting Thanawi: Muslim League attitudes towards Thanawi
Appendix: A translation of the text of Thanawi's letter to the Muslim League, delivered to the 1939 Muslim League conference in Patna by Maulana Zafar Ahmed Usmani
The First Step: Organising Muslims Separately
The Second Step is this: that the Muslim League should become Allah’s soldiers
Why Become an Army of Allah?
The Political Importance of the Third Condition
6. The Illusory Promise of Freedom: Mian Iftikhar-ud-Din and the Movement for Pakistan
7. Visionary of Another Politics: Inayatullah Khan ‘al-Mashriqi’ and Pakistan
Speaking at the edge of time
Pakistan and a different kind of politics
8. Nonviolence, Pukhtunwali and Decolonization: Abdul Ghaffar Khan and the Khuda’i Khidmatgar Politics of Friendship
The politics of friendship
The friend–enemy binary and the normative political
Nonviolence or ad’m-e thushadud
9. Islam, Communism and the Search for a Fiction
Shaukat Usmani: a short biography
‘Divine cry of Lenin’: communism and political Islam
The interregnum: between negation and death
Knowledge, incalculability and decision
Communism, historical difference and the role of fiction
Islam and communism: the divergence
10. Muslim Nationalist or Nationalist Muslim?: Allah Bakhsh Soomro and Muslim politics in 1930s and 1940s Sindh
11. Dancing with the Enemy: Sikander Hayat Khan, Jinnah, and the vexed question of ‘Pakistan’ in a Punjabi Unionist context
Sikander’s federal schemes and the Lahore Resolution
Unpublished Primary Sources
Published Primary Sources
12. Religion between Region and Nation: Rezaul Karim, Bengal, and Muslim Politicsat the End of Empire
India, Islam and nationalism in the 1930s
Ideas of Pakistan and the place of Bengal
13. ‘The Pakistan that is Going to be Sunnistan: ’Indian Shi‘a Responses to The Pakistan Movement
The ‘third option’: the Muslim League as ecumenical movement
The ashraf as achhuts: framing a Shi‘a political voice
From ‘path of the Prophet’ to ‘way of the Caliphs’: Shi‘a portents of Pakistan
All parties and none: Shi‘a endgames
Aftermaths: Sunnistan and Pakistan
14. The Baluch Qaum of Qalat State: Challenging the Ideological and Territorial Boundaries of Pakistan
Proceedings of the House of Elders, State of Kalat, Baluch
Muslims against the Muslim League
：Critiques of the Idea of Pakistan
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