Chapter
1.2. Desalination Processes
1.3. Renewable Energy Powered Desalination Systems
1.4. Integration of RE and Connection With Desalination
1.4.1. Solar Thermal Energy
1.4.2. Solar Photovoltaics
1.4.4. Hybrid Solar PV-Wind Power
1.5. Process Selection and Renewable Energy Optimization
Chapter 2: Solar Desalination Potential Around the World
2.2. The Water-Energy Nexus
2.3. Water Scarcity and Stress
2.4.1. Coupling of Renewable Energy Sources and Desalination Processes
2.4.2. Global Availability of Saline Water Resources
2.4.3. Global Availability of Solar Energy
2.4.4. Feasibility of Solar Desalination Technologies
2.4.4.1. Technology Maturity
2.4.4.3. Environmental Impacts
2.5. Identifying Locations Appropriate for Solar Desalination
2.5.3. Limitations and Further Work
Chapter 3: Wind-Powered Desalination-Principles, Configurations, Design, and Implementation
3.2.1. Wind Energy Turbines: State-of-the-Art
3.3. Conventional Desalination Systems
3.4. Wind Desalination: State-of-the-Art
3.5. Design and Implementation of Wind Desalination Projects
Chapter 4: Geothermal Source for Water Desalination-Challenges and Opportunities
4.2. Geothermal Energy Utilization Around the World
4.3. Why Geothermal Desalination?
4.3.3. Efficient Resource Utilization
4.3.4. Energy Savings in Geothermal Applications
4.3.5. Integrated Uses of Geothermal Energy Sources
4.4. Global Geothermal Desalination-Current Status
4.4.1. Geothermal Water Composition
4.4.2. Geothermal Water for Membrane Desalination
4.4.3. Recent Studies on Geothermal Desalination
4.4.4. Selection of Desalination Process
4.4.4.2. Geothermal Energy Quality and Quantity and Other Renewable Energy Sources
4.4.4.3. Desalination Technology
4.4.4.7. Technoeconomic Requirements
4.5. Challenges and Considerations for Geothermal Desalination
4.5.2. Geological Hazards
4.5.3. Waste-Heat Releases
4.5.4. Atmospheric Emissions
4.5.6. Noise and Social Impacts
4.6. Technoeconomics of Geothermal Desalination
Chapter 5: Desalination of Seawater Using Geothermal Energy for Food and Water Security: Arab and Sub-Saharan Countries
5.2. Water Resources of Gulf Countries
5.2.3. Oman, Qatar, and Bahrain
5.3. Water Resources of Mena and Sub-Saharan Countries
5.4. Desalination: Process, Emissions, and Cost
5.5. Geothermal Energy Resources
Chapter 6: Nuclear Energy Powered Seawater Desalination
6.2. Desalination Technologies
6.2.2. Multieffect Distillation
6.3. Application With Renewable Energies
6.4. Nuclear Desalination
6.4.2. Types of Nuclear Reactor
6.4.3. Key Technologies of Nuclear Reactors
6.4.3.1. Floating Nuclear Power Plants
6.4.3.2. Seawater Desalination
6.5. Small Modular Reactors
6.5.1. Nuclear Power Suitable for Desalination Process
6.6. Status of Nuclear Desalination Plants
6.7. Theoretical-Computational Models
6.7.1. Theoretical Modeling
6.7.2. Computational Techniques
6.7.2.1. Desalination Economic Evaluation Program (DEEP)
6.7.2.2. Desalination Thermodynamic Optimization Program
6.7.2.4. Advanced Process Simulator
6.8. GCC Countries as Potential Desalination Sites
6.8.1. Financial Cost Across the GCC
6.10. Feasibility and Technical Assessment
6.11. Integration of Nuclear Reactor With Desalination Units
6.12. Feasibility of Nuclear Desalination Option
Chapter 7: Relevance of Nuclear Desalination as an Alternative to Water Transfer Geoengineering Projects: Example of China
7.1.2. Data Sources and Methods
7.2.1. Selection of the Appropriate Desalination Technology
7.2.2. Technical Characteristics and Production Capacity of a Nuclear Desalination Fleet in China in 2030
7.2.3. Economics of Nuclear Desalination in China in 2030
7.2.3.1. Capital and Production Costs of Desalination Plants
7.2.3.2. Economics of Water Transportation From Desalination Plants to Demand Centers
7.3. Results and Discussion
7.3.1. Relevance of Nuclear Desalination in 2030
7.3.1.1. Identification of a Metric
7.3.1.2. Desalinated Water Supply Quantity Within the 5% Rule Threshold
7.3.2. Comparison Between Nuclear Desalination and Two Other Projects With Similar Objectives: Coal Desalination and SNWTP
7.4. Conclusion-Relevance of the Development of a Nuclear Desalination Industry in China by 2030
Chapter 8: Desalination Costs Using Renewable Energy Technologies
8.2. Current Status of RE Powered Desalination
8.3. Global Desalination Demand for 2030
8.3.1. Desalination Capacity Forecast
8.3.2. Desalination Demand for 2030 Based on Global Water Stress
8.4. Design of 100% RE Powered Desalination
8.4.1. Levelized Cost of Water
8.4.2. Technical and Financial Parameters of SWRO Plants in 2030
8.4.2.1. CAPEX and OPEX of SWRO Plants
8.4.2.2. Energy Consumption of SWRO Plants
8.4.2.3. Water Transportation Costs
8.4.2.4. Water Storage Costs
8.4.3. Technical and Financial Parameters of Hybrid RE Power Plants in 2030
8.5. Global LCOW Estimate for 2030
8.6. Opportunities and Future Directions for Research and Development
Chapter 9: Integrated Planning of Energy and Water Supply in Islands
9.1.1.1. Intermittent RES in Islands and Energy Storage
9.1.1.2. RES Desalination
9.1.1.3. Energy-Water Nexus
9.2.1. Power and Water Supply in Cabo Verde
9.2.2. The Island of S. Vicente, Cabo Verde
9.2.2.1. Electricity Supply System of S. Vicente
9.2.2.2. Wind Resources in S. Vicente
9.2.2.3. Water Supply System of S. Vicente
9.2.2.4. Future Electricity and Water Demand
9.2.3. Energy Scenarios for S. Vicente
9.3.1. Integrated Power and Water Supply Systems Modeling
9.3.1.1. Financial Analysis
9.3.1.2. Internalizing the CO2 Emissions Cost
9.3.1.3. Sensitivity Analysis
9.4. Results and Discussion
9.4.1. Integrated Power and Water Supply Systems Modeling
9.4.1.1. Scenario 1: Baseline
9.4.1.2. Scenario 2: Wind Desalination
9.4.1.3. Scenario 3: Wind Desalination With Minimum Total Costs
9.4.1.4. Scenario 4: Wind Desalination and PHS
9.4.1.5. Scenario 5: Wind Desalination and PHS With Minimum Total Costs
9.4.1.6. 100% Hourly Intermittent Energy Penetration Scenarios
9.4.1.7. Comparison Between Scenarios
9.4.1.8. Internalizing the Cost of the CO2 Emissions
9.4.1.9. Sensitivity Analysis
Chapter 10: Energy Storage for Desalination
10.2. Energy Storage Options for Various Desalination Processes
10.3. TES for Desalination
10.3.1. Sensible Heat TES for Desalination
10.3.1.3. Waste Heat Utilization and LTD
10.3.1.4. Sizing of TES Systems
TES in Solar Ponds: Effect of the Thickness of the LCZ
TES in Solar Desalination
10.3.2.1. PCM Energy Storage Applications in Desalination
10.3.3. Thermochemical TES
10.3.4. Current Status of TES Technologies
10.3.5. Economics of TES in Desalination
10.4. Electrical Energy Storage or BES for Desalination
10.4.1. Energy Consumption in RO
10.4.2. PV and Wind-Generated Electricity Storage
10.4.3. PV-Battery System Sizing
10.4.4. Photovoltaic/Thermal Collectors
10.4.5. Wind Power Battery Sizing
10.4.6. Desalination Applications for BES Technology
10.4.7. Economics of BES in Desalination
10.5. Future of Energy Storage in Desalination
Chapter 11: Energy Recovery Devices in Membrane Desalination Processes
11.1. History of ERDs in Desalination
11.1.1.1. Francis Turbine/Reverse Running Pump
11.1.2. ERDs 1980 to Present
11.1.2.1. Hydraulic Turbochargers
11.2. Recent Developments in ERDs
11.3.1. Advances in Centrifugal ERDs
11.3.1.1. Removable Hydraulic Insert Technology
Traditional Design Methods
11.3.2. Advances in isoBaric ERDs
11.4. System Design and Operation
11.4.1. System Design and Operation With Isobaric ERDs
11.4.2. System Design and Operation With Centrifugal Turbochargers
11.5. Technical and Commercial Evaluation
11.6.1. Magtaa Case Study
11.6.2. Carlsbad Case Study
Chapter 12: Thermodynamic, Exergy, and Thermoeconomic analysis of Multiple Effect Distillation Processes
12.2. Fundamentals on MED Technology
12.2.1. MED Process Configurations
12.3. Energy Consumption of the MED Process
12.3.1. Enhancement of the MED Process Performance by Means of "Vapor Compression"
12.3.2. On "Dual Purpose" and "Hybrid Plant" Configuration for the MED Process
12.4. Environmental Impacts of the MED Process
12.5. Economic Aspects of the MED Process
12.6. Description of the Reference MED Plant
12.7. Exergy Analysis of the MED Processes
12.7.1. Exergy of a Stream of Matter
12.7.2. Exergy Analysis for the Whole MED Process
12.7.2.1. Exergy Analysis for the Examined MED-TVC Plant
12.7.3. Exergy Analysis of the MED System at the Single-Subprocess Level
12.7.3.1. Exergy Analysis for Subprocesses of the Reference MED-TVC
Exergy Analysis Results at the Whole Effect Level
Main Outcomes of Exergy Analysis
12.8. On the Exergy Cost Accounting Method
12.8.1. Exergy Cost Accounting of the Reference MED-TVC
12.8.2. Results of Exergy Cost Accounting for the Examined Plant
12.8.3. On the Possible Exploitation of Additional Thermoeconomic Analyses
Appendix. Details on the Thermodynamic Model Used for NaCl Solutions
Chapter 13: Exergy Analysis of Thermal Seawater Desalination-A Case Study
13.2. Description of the MSF Plant, Yanbu
13.3.1. Model Assumptions
13.3.2. Governing Equations
13.3.3. Properties Estimation
13.4. Results and Discussions
13.4.1. Code Testing and Sensitivity Analysis
13.4.2.1. Minimization of Exergy Destruction
A.1. Correlation for Seawater Enthalpy
A.2. Correlation for Seawater Entropy
Chapter 14: Exergy and Technoeconomic Analysis of Solar Thermal Desalination
14.2. Passive SSSS and DSSS
14.2.1. Energy and Exergy Analysis of Passive SSSS
14.2.2. Energy and Exergy Analysis of Passive DSSS
14.3. Energy and Exergy Analysis of Active Soar Still Integrated With N-Photovoltaic Thermal Partially Covered Flat Plat ...
14.4. Modeling Fundamental Equations of Exergoeconomic Analysis
14.4.1. Mass Balance Equation (MBE)
14.4.2. Thermodynamic Balance Equation (TBE)
14.4.3. Economic Balance Equation (EBE)
14.5. Important Terminology of Exergoeconomic Analysis
14.6. Ratio of Thermodynamic Loss Rate to Capital Cost
14.7. Exergoeconomic Analysis of Solar Stills
14.7.1. Exergoeconomic Analysis of Passive SSSS and DSSS
14.7.2. Exergoeconomic Analysis of Partially Covered PVT-FPC Active Solar Still
14.8. Important Terminology of Economic Analysis
14.8.1. Capital Recovery Factor (CRF)
14.8.2. Uniform Annual Cost (UNACOST)
14.8.3. Sinking Fund Factor (SFF)
14.10. Net Present Value (NPV)
14.11. Evaluating Economic Feasibility of Solar Distillation System
14.11.1. Cost Per Liter of Distilled/Potable Water
14.11.2. Capital Cost of Solar Distillation System (Ps)
14.11.3. Interest Rate (i, %)
14.11.4. Life of Solar Distillation System (n)
14.11.5. Maintenance Cost (Ms,%)
14.11.6. Salvage Value (Ss)
14.12. Payback Time/Payback Periods (np)
14.12.1. Understanding Simple Payback Method
14.15. Problems and Descriptive Questions
Renewable Energy Powered Desalination Handbook
：Application and Thermodynamics
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