Dependency Linguistics

Editorial page

Title page

LCC data

Table of content

Authors

Foreword

1. Is dependency a linguistic domain?

2. This volume

Dependency in language

1. Introductory remarks

1.1 The task stated

1.2 Some History

1.3 Dependency and meaning-text stratificational approach

2. Different types of linguistic dependency

3. Fourteen possible combinations of the three types of linguistic dependency

4. Semantic Dependency

5. Syntactic dependency

5.1 Deep- vs. surface-syntactic dependency

5.2 Deep-Syntactic Relations

5.3 Surface-syntactic relations: criteria for establishing surface-syntactic relations in a language

5.4 Examples of deep- vs. surface-syntactic structures

6. Morphological dependency

6.1 Agreement

6.2 Government

7. What syntactic dependency is good for

7.1 Diatheses and Voices

7.2 Lexical functions

7.3 Phrasemes

7.4 Paraphrasing

7.5 Word order

8. Where syntactic dependency is not sufficient

9. Constituents vs. phrases

10. “Bracketing paradox”

11. Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Appendix: A Tentative List of English SSynt-Relations

Delimitation of information between grammatical rules and lexicon

1. Introduction

2. Grammar vs. lexicon in selected theoretical approaches

3. Valency

3.1 Valency approach of FGD

3.2 Valency in the lexicon and grammar

4. Dependent content clauses in Czech

4.1 Dependent content clauses in FGD

4.2 Modality in dependent content clauses

4.3 Interconnecting lexical and grammatical information

5. Grammatical diatheses of Czech verbs

5.1 Passivization

5.2 Resultative constructions

5.3 Recipient diathesis

5.4 Grammatical diatheses in the lexicon and grammar

6. Pair/group meaning of Czech nouns

6.1 Nouns with pair/group meaning

6.2 Pair/group meaning as a grammaticalized feature

7. Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Sentence structure and discourse structure

1. Motivation and background

2. Basic aspects of the underlying syntactic structure in the PDT relevant for discourse

3. Discourse annotation

3.1 Discourse relevance of intra-sentential relations

3.2 Basic aspects of discourse annotation

4. Three semantic relations expressed both in a sentence and in a text

4.1 The case of condition

4.2 The case of specification

4.3 The Case of Opposition

5. Overview of all relations expressed both in one sentence and between sentences

6. Conclusion

Acknowledgements

References

The Copenhagen Dependency Treebank (CDT)

1. Introduction

2. Syntactic annotation

3. Morphological annotation

4. The semantic dimension

5. From syntax to discourse

5.1 Discourse relations in the CDT

5.2 Vagueness, doubts and inter-annotator agreement figures

5.3 CDT graphs

5.4 Unifying syntax and discourse in a tree structure. A discussion

5.5 Attribution

6. Conclusion

References

Creating a Dependency Syntactic Treebank

1. Introduction

2. Background of the project

3. Linguistic phenomena

3.1 Elliptical comparative sentences

3.2 NPs with participles and derived nouns

3.3 Phenomena in other treebanks

4. The experiment

5. Results: Modeling the phenomena

5.1 Elliptical Comparative Structure

5.2 Participles and Derived Nouns

6. Conclusion

Acknowledgements

References

A proposal for a multilevel linguistic representation of Spanish personal names

1. Introduction

2. Related work

2.1 Proper names in traditional dictionaries

2.2 Proper names in lexical databases

2.3 Description of the structure of proper names

3. Linguistic representation of Spanish personal names

3.1 The person database

3.2 The dictionary

3.3 Semantic representation (SemR)

3.4 Syntactic representation of personal names

3.4.1 Single node or syntactic tree?

3.4.2 Syntactic relations in the description of personal names

4. Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

Coordination of verbal dependents in Old French

1. Introduction

2. Coordination in the dependency framework

2.1 Tesnière’s baseline

2.1.1 Tesnière’s initial statement

2.1.2 Timothy Osborne’s asymmetrical approach

2.2 Mel’čuk’s unidimensional approach

2.3 Sylvain Kahane’s Bubbles

2.4 Gerdes and Kahane’s paradigmatic piles

2.5 Word Grammar

2.6 Summary of options

3. Segmental underspecification in OF

3.1 Minimal relation and specification concepts

3.2 Segmental underspecification in OF

3.3 Consequences

4. Coordination as a specified juxtaposition or apposition

4.1 Specified juxtaposition

4.1.1 Argument types

4.1.2 Juxtaposed dependents

4.1.3 Specification

4.2 Specified apposition

4.2.1 Comparing apposition and juxtaposition

4.2.2 Specification

4.3 Conclusion

Acknowledgemens

References

Dependency annotation of coordination for learner language

1. Introduction and motivation

2. Annotating learner language

3. Dependencies for learner language

3.1 Completeness, Coherence, & Consistency

3.2 Modeling dependencies

3.2.1 Distributional dependencies

3.2.2 Morpho-syntactic dependencies

3.2.3 Secondary dependencies

3.2.4 Other types of dependencies

3.2.5 Modeling subcategorization

3.3 Modeling adjunction

3.4 Technical details

4. Our treatment of coordination

4.1 Basic coordination

4.2 Coordination of unsaturated functors

4.3 Coordination of unlikes

4.4 Extending to other types of coordination

5. Summary and outlook

Acknowledgments

References

The Dependency Distance Hypothesis for Bilingual Code-Switching

1. Introduction

2. The data

3. Dependency distance in English, German and Chinese

4. Dependency distance in ‘mixed’ dependencies

5. General findings

6. Specific findings

6.1 Monolingual dependencies

6.2 Monolingual L1 and mixed dependencies with an L1 head

6.3 Monolingual L2 and mixed dependencies with an L2 head

7. Summary and Conclusion

References

Dependencies over prosodic boundary tones in spontaneous spoken Hebrew

1. Introduction

2. Theoretical approaches to prosody-syntax interface

3. Speech segmentation and annotation

3.1 Prosodic annotation and distribution

3.2 Linear (n-gram) analysis

4. Spontaneous Hebrew corpus

5. Do all Continuous boundaries play the same role?

6. Results

7. Head and Dependant in the light of the results

7.1 Function words as heads in IH

7.2 The second element of the dependency

8. The dependency feature

9. Summary

References

Clitics in dependency morphology

1. Introduction

2. Catena-based morphology

2.1 Within words: Intra-word dependency

2.2 Across words: Inter-word dependency (Government)

2.3 Compound structure

3. Clitics

3.1 Horizontal and vertical dimensions

3.2 Clitic rising

3.3 Clitic doubling

3.4 Second position clitics

4. Conclusion

References

On the word order of Actor and Patient in Czech

1. The word order in Czech – systemic ordering

2. Verifying the systemic ordering on data from the Prague Dependency Treebank

3. Research results – tectogrammatical language layer

3.1 Order Actor/Patient

1.1.1 Actor and Patient in the constructions with the verb to be

1.1.1.1 PAT.adjective – ACT.infinitive The order PAT–ACT often occurs in structures with the copula verb to be, where the PAT frequently has the form an adjective and the ACT is in the form of verbal infinitive (like in English structures it is necessary

1.1.1.2 PAT.noun – ACT.noun/ACT.noun – PAT.noun In PDT, there is a total of 560 occurrences of the PAT and the ACT in the constructions with the verb to be. The vast majority of them is in order PAT – ACT (391 hits) and 169 occurrences in order ACT – PAT.

3.1.1 Actor and Patient depending on a verb other than the copula to be

1.1.1.3 PAT.verb – ACT.noun/ACT.noun – PAT.verb

1.1.1.4 ACT.noun – PAT.noun/PAT.noun – ACT.noun

4. Actor and Patient in the syntactic roles of Subject and Object

4.1 Actor and Patient in the syntactic roles of Subject and Object expressed by nouns

5. Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Type 2 Rising

1. Introduction

2. Catenae

3. Type 1 rising

4. Type 2 rising and the Rising Principle

4.1 Subcategorization

4.2 SV order

4.3 VF order

4.4 Sluicing

4.5 Free relatives

4.6 Constituency-based hierarchies

5. Pied-piping

6. Type 2 rising in other languages

7. Rising catenae

8. Conclusion

References

Wh-copying in German as replacement

1. Introduction

2. Wh-copying in German

3. Two generalizations about Wh-copying

3.1 Generalization I: Agreement

3.2 Generalization II: Proforms only

4. A problem with the PS approach

4.1 The PS approach

4.2 The Problem

5. A relational analysis

5.1 Brief overview of APG

5.2 Proforms

5.3 Flagging

5.4 Extraction

5.5 Wh-copying in APG

6. Conclusion

References

Representation of zero and dummy subject pronouns within multi-strata dependency framework

1. Introduction

2. Linguistic signs in MTT

2.1 Subject pronoun having a phonetic realization and filling an endophoric function → [full pronoun]

2.2 Subject pronoun having no phonetic realization but filling an endophoric function → [zero pronoun]

2.3 Subject pronoun having phonetic realization but not filling an endophoric function → [dummy pronoun]

2.4 Subject pronoun having no phonetic realization and not filling an endophoric function → [dummy zero pronoun]

3. Formal representation of voice category in MTT

3.1 Active voice [Act]

3.2 Full promotional passive voice

3.3 Agentless passive voice [AgPass]

3.4 Partial agentless passive voice [PaAgPass]

3.5 Full suppression passive voice [FullSupPass]

3.6 Subject suppressive voice (SubjSupp)

4. Conclusion

References

Index