OLIGOSACCHARIDES FOOD SOURCES, BIOLOGICAL ROLES AND HEALTH IMPLICATIONS

OLIGOSACCHARIDES FOOD SOURCES, BIOLOGICAL ROLES AND HEALTH IMPLICATIONS

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Contents

Preface

Chapter I Oligosaccharides: A Key for Gut Health

Abstract

Introduction

Beneficial Properties of Oligosaccharides in the Small and Large Intestine

Definitions and Effect on Intestinal

Microbiota (in vitro Studies) of Non-Digestible Oligosaccharides

Prebiotic Effects of NODs on Intestinal Microbiota (in vivo Studies)

General Gastro-Intestinal Health

Effects of Oligosaccharides on Mineral Absorption

Oligosaccharides as Immune Modulators

Preventing Colon Cancer by Non-Digestible Oligosaccharides

Oligossacharides Applications

Conclusion

References

Chapter II Prebiotic Oligosaccharides, Resistant Starch, and Sugar Alcohols in Lentils: Implications for Obesity

Abstract

1. Introduction

2. Obesity

3. Obesity and the Current Food System:

Are They Related?

4. Gut Microbiota and Prebiotics

5. Lentil

6. Lentil Prebiotics

6.1. FOS

6.2. RFO

6.2.1. Sugar Alcohols

6.2.2. RS

7. Measurement of Prebiotics

8. Future Directions

References

Chapter III Behaviour of Dietary Oligosaccharides in the Human Gastrointestinal Tract

Abstract

1. Introduction

2. Oligosaccharide Hydrolysis and Stability in the Human Gastrointestinal Tract

2.1. Oral Hydrolysis

2.2. Gastric Hydrolysis

2.3. Upper-Intestinal Hydrolysis

2.4. Methods of Assessing Gastrointestinal Oligosaccharide Hydrolysis

2.4.i. Modelling Oral Hydrolysis

2.4.ii. Modelling Gastric Hydrolysis

2.4.iii. Modelling Upper-Intestinal Hydrolysis

3. Oligosaccharide Absorption

and Pharmacokinetics

3.1. Analytical Method Development for Pharmacokinetic Tracing of Dietary Oligosaccharides

3.1.i. Oligosaccharide Labelling Approaches

3.1.ii. Native Oligosaccharide Detection

3.2. Evidence for Intestinal Uptake

4. Direct Influence of Oligosaccharides

on Gastrointestinal Tract Function

4.1. Pathogen Adhesion Suppression

4.2. Prebiotic Function

4.3. Modulation of Nutrient Absorption

4.4. Negative Clinical Impacts of Oligosaccharide Consumption and The Gastro-Intestinal Tract

5. Human Milk Oligosaccharides (HMOs)

Conclusion

References

Chapter IV The Role of Human Milk Oligosaccharides in Preventing Respiratory Infections in Infants

Abstract

1. Introduction

2. Chemical Composition of HMO and Their Role in Preventing Infection

3. In vitro and Animal Studies Demonstrating Interactions between Milk Oligosaccharides and Respiratory Pathogens

4. Human Studies Using HMO in Preventing or Reducing Respiratory Infections in Children

5. Intervention Studies Using GOS and FOS in Preventing or Reducing Respiratory Infections in Children

Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter V Alterations in the Glycosylation Pattern of Alpha-1-Glycoprotein May be Diagnostic for the Detection of Breast Cancer and/or Reducing the Effect of Chemotherapy In Vivo

Abstract

1. Introduction

1.1. Materials

1.1.1. Patient Plasma Samples

1.1.2. Determination of AGP Concentration in Plasma

1.1.3. Alpha-1-Acid Glycoprotein Isolation

1.1.4. Drug Binding Assay

1.1.5. High pH Anion Exchange Chromatography

1.1.5.1. Monosaccharide Analysis

1.1.5.2. Oligosaccharide Analysis

1.1.6.3. Sialic Acid Analysis

1.2. Methods

1.2.1. Determination of AGP in Plasma

1.2.2. Isolation of AGP

1.2.2.1. Polyethylene Glycol Precipitation

1.2.2.2. Low Pressure Chromatography

1.2.2.3. Desalting

1.2.3. Determination of AGP Concentration

1.2.4. Drug Binding Assay

1.2.4.1. Cuvette Method

1.2.4.3. Determination of Extent of Binding to Tamoxifen

1.2.5. High pH Anion Exchange Chromatography (HPAEC)

1.2.5.1. Acid Hydrolysis of AGP

1.2.5.2. Monosaccharide Analysis of Hydrolysed AGP

1.2.5.3. Enzyme Digestion for Oligosaccharide Analysis

1.2.5.4. Oligosaccharide Analysis of Hydrolysed AGP

1.2.5.5. Enzyme Digestion of AGP for Sialic Acid Analysis

1.2.6. Statistical Analysis

2. Results

2.1. AGP Plasma Concentration

2.2. Monosaccharide Composition of AGP

2.3. Oligosaccharide Analysis of AGP Samples

2.4. AGP-Drug binding Fluorescence Assay

Conclusion

References

Chapter VI Production of Oligosaccharides with Low Molecular Weights, Secoiridoids and Phenolic Glycosides from Thermally-Treated Olive By-Products

Abstract

1. Introduction

2. Materials and Methods

Raw Material

Thermal Treatments or Steam Processing of Alperujo

Phenol Extraction

Acid Hydrolysis and Ultra-Filtration through a Membrane of 3000 Da

Adsorption XAD Chromatography

Quantification of Individual Neutral Sugars by Gas Chromatography (GC) after Converting Them into Alditol Acetates

Ultra-Filtration through a Membrane of 1000 Da

Determination of the Total Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Activity

Total phenols

Antiradical activity, DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl)

Reducing power

Size Exclusion Chromatography on Superdex Peptide HR

Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry

NMR Spectroscopy

3. Results and Discussion

Extraction and Isolation of Oligosaccharides and Sugars Linked to Phenolics from Alperujo and their Antioxidant Activity

Isolation and Separation of Three Groups of Compounds by Size Exclusion Chromatography

Characterization of Three Groups of Fractions

Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter VII Supramolecular Analytical Applications of Cyclodextrins and their Derivatives Using Fluorescence Spectroscopy

Abstract

Abbreviations

1. Introduction

2. Analytical Application

2.1. Application Using Native Cyclodetrins

2.2. Application Using Derivatize Cyclodextrins

2.3. Application Using Cyclodextrins and Binding Agent

Conclusion

References

Chapter VIII Utilization of Soy Oligosaccharides during Fermentation by Lactobacilli

Abstract

Introduction

Utilization of Oligosaccharides Present

in Soy Milk

Benefits of Soy Milk

Fermentation of Soymilk

Other Soy Based Fermented Foods

Soy Based Probiotic Yoghurt

Soy Shrikhand

Soymilk Kefir

Soy Beverages

Tofu or Bean Curd

Cheonggukjang

Doenjang

Miso

Conclusion

References

Chapter IX Impact of Low Oligosaccharide Soybean Meal on Nutrient Digestibility, Growth Performance, and Carcass Characteristics of Broiler Chickens

Abstract

Introduction

Metabolizable Energy

Soybean Meal Carbohydrate Composition

Microflora

Reduction of Galactooligosaccharides of Soybean Meal

Conclusion

References

Chapter X Lipo-Oligosaccharides in Miller Fisher Syndrome

Abstract

Introduction

History of Miller Fisher Syndrome

Clinical Features of Miller Fisher Syndrome

Anti-GQ1b Antibody in Miller Fisher Syndrome and Its Variants

Antecedent Infections in Miller Fisher Syndrome

Lipo-Oligosaccharide of Campylobacter Jejuni Cell Membrane

Lipo-Oligosaccharides Biosynthesis

Genes in Campylobacter Jejuni

Human Ganglioside and Anti-GQ1b

Antibody in Miller Fisher Syndrome

Anti-GQ1b-Negative Miller Fisher Syndrome

Unresolved Questions

Conclusion

References

Chapter XI Oligosaccharides from Ancient Beverages Fermented by Symbiotic Cultures

Index