BIOTECHNOLOGY: NEW IDEAS, NEW DEVELOPMENTS

A TEXTBOOK OF MODERN TECHNOLOGY

BIOTECHNOLOGY IN AGRICULTURE, INDUSTRY AND MEDICINE

BIOTECHNOLOGY: NEW IDEAS, NEW DEVELOPMENTS

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

CONTENTS

PREFACE

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION TO BIOTECHNOLOGY

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

HISTORY OF BIOTECHNOLOGY

HOW BIOTECHNOLOGY WORKS?

BIOTECHNOLOGY – AN INTERDISCIPLINARY SCIENCE

APPLICATIONS OF BIOTECHNOLOGY

[A] Applications in Food Processing and Food Safety

[B] Applications in Agricultural Sector (Green Biotechnology)

[C] Applications in Medical Science (Red Biotechnology)

[D] Applications in Industry (White Biotechnology)

[E] Applications in Environmental Management

CONCERNS

(A) Environmental Concerns

(B) Health Concerns

(C) Ethical Debate on Patenting Life

FUTURE PROSPECTS OF BIOTECHNOLOGY

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 2. MARKER ASSISTED SELECTION

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

GENETIC IMPROVEMENT OF PLANTS

GENETIC MARKERS

ADVANTAGES OF DNA MARKERS

MARKER ASSISTED SELECTION

REQUIREMENTS FOR MAS

MARKER ASSISTED BREEDING METHODS

WHEN TO USE MAS?

QUANTITATIVE TRAIT LOCI (QTL) AND MAS

APPLICATIONS OF MAS

WEAKNESS/SHORTCOMING OF MAS

COST ANALYSIS OF MAS

MAS AND INTELLECTUAL RIGHTS

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 3. METABOLOMICS - THE TECHNOLOGY OF THE FUTURE

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

DEVELOPMENT OF METABOLOMICS

METABOLOME

COMPARISON WITH TRANSCRIPTOMICS AND PROTEOMICS

METABOLOME ANALYSIS

APPLICATIONS OF METABOLOMICS

[A] Environmental and Eco-Metabolomics

Ecophysiology

Ecotoxicogenomics

[B] Metabolomics and Crop Improvement

Future of Metabolomics in Crop Improvement

[C] Metabolomics and Human Health

[D] Metabolomics and Cancer

[E] Metabolomics in Drug Development

BIOINFORMATICS AND METABOLOMICS

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 4. PROTEOMICS: PRINCIPLES, CHALLENGES AND APPLICATIONS

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

THE NEED FOR PROTEOMIC ANALYSIS

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT

ADVANTAGES OF PROTEOMIC STUDIES

TECHNIQUES EMPLOYED TO STUDY PROTEINS

APPLICATIONS OF PROTEOMICS

[A] Application in Environmental Sciences

[B] Proteomics in Disease Diagnostics and Drug Discovery

Proteomics and Biomarkers

Proteomics in Cancer Research

[C] Proteomics in Crop Improvement

[D] Proteomics in Food Science and Technology

BIOINFORMATICS AND PROTEOMICS

PROTEOMICS DATABASES

FUTURE PROSPECTS

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 5. THE AGE OF POLYMER THERAPEUTICS

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

CONVENTIONAL DRUG DELIVERY

TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY

POLYMERS IN DRUG DELIVERY

[A] Polymeric Drugs

[B] Polymer-Drug Conjugates

[C] Polymer-Protein Conjugates

[D] Polymeric Micelles

[E] Multi-Component Polyplexes

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 6. NANOMEDICINE: THE NEXT GENERATION MEDICINE

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

HISTORY OF NANOTECHNOLOGY

NANOMEDICINE

NANOSCALE PARTICLES IN NANOMEDICINE

[A] Liposomes

[B] Carbon Nanotubes

[C] Quantum Dots and Cornell Dots

[D] Dendrimers and Diamondoids

[E] Magnetic Nanoparticles

[F] Gold Nanoparticles (AuNP)

[G] Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLN)

[H] Polymeric Nanoparticles

[I] Ceramic Nanoparticles

[J] Microemulsions

APPLICATIONS ON NANOMEDICINE IN HEALTH SECTOR

[A] Nanosurgery

[B] Bionanoimaging

[C] Tissue Implants and Tissue Engineering

[D] Targeted Drug Delivery and Therapy

[E] Diseases Diagnosis

SAFETY ASPECTS OF NANOMEDICINE

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 7. CISGENESIS AND INTRAGENESIS

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

CLASSICAL/CONVENTIONAL PLANT BREEDING

TRANSGENESIS

CISGENESIS AND INTRAGENESIS

ADVANTAGES OF CISGENESIS OVER CONVENTIONAL BREEDING AND TRANSGENESIS

DRAWBACKS AND LIMITATIONS OF CISGENESIS

(I) Random Insertion Site of the Gene

(II) Mutation Caused in the Plant Genome

APPLICATIONS OF CISGENESIS

GM REGULATIONS AND CISGENESIS

SAFETY ASPECT OF CISGENIC CROPS

FUTURE OF CISGENIC CROPS

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 8. GENETICALLY MODIFIED CROPS AND ALLERGENICITY: MYTH OR REALITY

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

ADVANTAGES OF GENETICALLY MODIFIED CROPS

SAFETY OF GENETICALLY MODIFIED CROPS

NEED FOR SAFETY EVALUATION OF GM FOODS

FOOD ALLERGY

GENETICALLY MODIFIED FOODS AND ALLERGY

ASSESSMENT OF ALLERGENIC POTENTIAL OF GENETICALLY MODIFIED FOODS

GM CROPS AND ALLERGENICITY: CASE STUDIES AND RELATED CONTROVERSIES

[A] GM Soybean

[B] GM Pea

[C] GM Maize Starlink

[D] GM Maize

SHEDDING THE NEGATIVE APPROACH

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 9. GENETICALLY MODIFIED CROPS-ARE WE ENGINEERING DESTRUCTION?

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

ADVANTAGES OF GM CROPS/FOODS

[A] Increased Nutritional Content

[B] Increasing Food Production

[C] Resistance to Abiotic Stresses

[D] Resistance to Insect Pests, Diseases and Herbicides

[E] Phytoremediation

[F] Biopharmaceuticals

NEGATIVE ASPECTS

[A] Threat to Soil Fertility

[B] Gene Transfer and Super Weeds

[C] Human Health Risks

[D] Risk to Other Life Forms

[E] Effects on Biodiversity

[F] Insect Resistant Crops

REGULATION OF GM CROPS

ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 10. PHARMACOGENOMICS

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

PHARMACOGENETICS, PHARMACOGENOMICS AND PHARMACOTHERAPY

CONVENTIONAL DRUG DEVELOPMENT

ADVERSE DRUG REACTION [ADR]

HISTORY OF PHARMACOGENOMICS

TOOLS USED IN PHARMACOGENOMICS

[A] Sequencing

[B] Microarray

PHARMACOGENOMICS AND PERSONALIZED MEDICINE

CURRENT APPLICATIONS OF PHARMACOGENOMICS

PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY AND PHARMACOGENOMICS

COST EFFECTIVENESS

LIMITATIONS AND RISKS OF PHARMACOGENOMICS

[A] Change in the Concept and Treatment of Disease

[B] Acceptance by Public

ETHICAL, SOCIAL AND LEGAL IMPLICATIONS

[A] Regulation of Pharmacogenomics

[B] Genetic Testing

[C] Commercial Exploitation and IntellectualProperty of Pharmacogenetics Databanks

PROMISE AND PROSPECTS

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 11. FUNCTIONAL FOODS AND NUTRACEUTICALS

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

WHAT ARE NUTRACEUTICALS AND FUNCTIONAL FOODS?

HISTORICAL EVOLUTION OF MEDICINAL NUTRIENTS

PLANTS AS FUNCTIONAL FOODS

ECOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES OF FUNCTIONAL FOODS

BIOTECHNOLOGY AND FUNCTIONAL FOODS

[A] Improvement in Fatty Acid Profile

[B] Improvement in Protein Quality and Quantity

[C] Improvement in Vitamin Content

[D] Improvement in Carbohydrate

REASONS FOR GROWING INTEREST IN FUNCTIONAL FOODS AND NUTRACEUTICALS

REGULATION AND MARKETING OF NUTRACEUTICALS AND FUNCTIONAL FOODS

NUTRACEUTICALS AND NANOTECHNOLOGY

DEMAND FOR NUTRACEUTICALS

ETHICS IN FUNCTIONAL FOODS AND NUTRACEUTICALS

(i) Are Functional Foods Safe?

(ii) Are Functional Foods Effective?

(iii) Reliability and Trustworthiness of the Claims

(iv) Are Functional Foods Affordable to the Common Man?

(v) Socio-Cultural Dimension of Functional Foods

OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 12. PLANT MOLECULAR FARMING

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

HISTORY OF PLANT MOLECULAR FARMING

USE OF PLANTS AS PRODUCTION SYSTEMS

METHODS OF GENE TRANSFER TO PLANTS

[A] Stable Nuclear Transformation

[B] Plastid Transformation

[C] Transient Expression Using Viral Vectors

[D] Agroinfiltration

[E] Magnifection

PLANT SYSTEMS USED AS EXPRESSION PLATFORMS

TYPES OF PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOUNDS

(I) Plant Derived Human and Animal Vaccines

(II) Plant Derived Antibodies

(III) Pharmaceutical Proteins

(IV) Industrial Enzymes and other Molecules

(V) Plant Derived Secondary Metabolites

CONSTRAINTS IN PLANT SYSTEM

(I) High Cost of Downstream Processing

(II) Low Yield of Foreign Protein

RISKS AND CONCERNS

COST EVALUATION OF RECOMBINANT BIOPHARMACEUTICALS

REGULATION FOR PRODUCTION OF PHARMACEUTICAL CROPS

FUTURE PROSPECTS

REFERENCES

INDEX