AUXIN: PRODUCTION, BIOSYNTHESIS AND ROLE IN PLANT DEVELOPMENT

AUXIN: PRODUCTION, BIOSYNTHESIS AND ROLE IN PLANT DEVELOPMENT

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Contents

Preface

Chapter 1: Effects of Inoculation of Auxin-Producing Bacteria on Root Development in Model Plants and Semi-Hardwood Olive Cuttings

Abstract

1. Introduction

2. Material and Methods

2.1. Bacterial Strains and Culture Conditions

2.2. In Vitro Analysis of Putative Plant Growth Promoting (PGP) Features

2.3. Strain Identification

2.4. Gnobiotic Assays

2.5. Olive Nursery Assays

2.6. Statistical Analyses

3. Results

3.1. Strain Characterization

3.2. Gnobiotic Assays

3.3. Olive Nursery Assays

4. Discussion

Acknowledgment

References

Chapter 2: Auxin – Role in Plant Defense

Abstract

Introduction

The Role of Auxin in Plant-Pathogen Compatible and Incompatible Interactions and Crosstalk with Abiotic Stress

Conclusion

References

Chapter 3: How Does Auxin Influence on Plant Developmental Responses during Salinity?

1Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas,

UE CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata,

Funes 3250 (7600) Mar del Plata,

Argentina

Abstract

Introduction

Modulation of Auxin Regulation under Salinity

Auxin Homeostasis and SOS Signaling

Auxin Homeostasis Mediated by miRNAs

Auxin and Redox Interlink during Root Development under Salinity

Conclusion and Future Research Perspectives

Acknowledgment

References

Chapter 4: History, Synthesis, Transport, Determination, Metabolism, Properties and Physiological Effects of Auxins in Plant Growth

Abstract

1. History of Auxins and Pioneering Experiments

2. Roles of Auxins General

3. Auxin Homeostasis in the Vascular Cambium

4. Auxin and Wood Formation

5. Determination of Auxins

6. Discovery of Auxins

7. Effect and Role of Plant Hormones on the Plant Physiology and Development

8. Naturally Occurring and Synthetic Auxins

9. Physical and Chemical Properties of Auxins

10. Metabolism of Auxin

10.1. Natural Levels of IAA

10.2. Auxin Biosynthesis

10.3. Auxin Conjugation and Degradation

10.4. Effect of Synthetic Auxins on IAA Levels

10.5. Stability in Culture Media

11. Transport of Auxins

12. Physiological Effects of Auxins

13. Auxin Effects in Tissue Culture

13.1. Somatic Embryogenesis

13.2. Auxin Uptake and Metabolism in Tissue Cultures

14. General Roles of Auxins

15. Apical Dominance

16. Tropisms

17. The Discovery of Auxin and Understanding

Its Role in Phototropism

18. Auxin Marks the Floral Meristem Initiation Sites and Is Required for Floral Organ Development

19. Auxin Regulates both Early and Late Stages of Stamen and Pollen Development

19.1. Auxin in Early Stamen Development (Morphogenesis, Phase 1)

19.2. Auxin Is Required for Stamen Filament Elongation, Pollen Maturation, and Anther Dehiscence (Phase 2)

20. Parthenocarpy

21. Role of Auxin in Fruit Development and Dehiscence

21.1. Fruit Ripening

22. Vascular Differentiation

23. Dormacy

24. Apical Dominance

25. Bud Activation and Auxin Transport

26. Abscission and Senescene

27. IAA

28. IBA

29. -ΝΑΑ

30. 2,4-D

31. 2,4-D and Its Relation to Embryogenesis

32. Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives

References

Chapter 5: Inclusion Compounds of Auxins in Cyclodextrins

Abstract

Abbreviations

Graphical Abstract

Introduction

Materials and Methods

Chemicals

Preparation of the Complexes

Physical Mixtures (PM)

Kneading Method (KN)

Co-Evaporation Method (CE)

Spray-Drying (SD)

Crystallization

Methods

UV-Visible Spectroscopy

Spectrofluorometric Studies

Phase Solubility Studies

Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)

Thermal Analysis

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)

In Silico Studies

X-Ray Crystallography

Diffraction Data Collection

Crystal Structure Determination

Inclusion Compounds of Auxins with CDs

Indole-3-Butyric acid (IBA)

Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR)

Phase Solubility Studies

IBA /β-CD Crystal Structure

A Occupied Site

B Occupied Site

C Occupied Site

In Silico Studies: Molecular Dynamics Simulations of IBA/β-CD Complex

IBA/TRIMEB Crystal Structure

4-chlorophenoxyacetic Acid (4-CPA)

4-CPA /β-CD Crystal Structure

4-CPA/TRIMEB Crystal Structure

2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic Acid (MCPA)

MCPA/β-CD Crystal Structure

MCPA/β-CD Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)

MCPA/β-CD, Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)

MCPA/β-CD, HP-β-CD and Me-β-CD, Phase Solubility Studies

MCPA/β-CD, HP-β-CD and Me-β-CD, NMR Analysis

MCPA/β-CD; MCPA/7Me-β-CD; MCPA/14Me-β-CD, in Silico Studies

2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid (2,4-D)

2,4-D/(-CD, Phase Solubility Studies

2,4-D/(-CD, Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)

2,4-D/β-CD Crystal Structure

2,4-D/DIMEB Crystal Structure

2,4-D/TRIMEB Crystal Structure

2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyaceticacid (2,4,5-T)

Formation of the Ternary 2,4,5-T/Fe (II)/β-CD Inclusion Complex in the Gas Phase

2,4,5-T/TRIMEB Crystal Structure

2-napthoxyaceticacid (2-NOA)

2-NOA/β-CD Crystal Structure and NMR Studies

2-NOA/β-CD in Aqueous Solution

2-NOA/β-CD, in Silico Studies

2-naphthaleneacetic Acid (2-NAA)

2-NAA/β-CD Crystal Structure

2-NAA/TRIMEB Crystal Structure

1-Naphthaleneacetic Acid (1-NAA)

1-NAA/β-CD Crystal Structure

1-NAA/β-CD in Aqueous Solution

1-NAA/DIMEB Crystal Structure

1-NAA/TRIMEB Crystal Structure

Other Applications

1-NAA Inclusion in (-CD Nanosponges

1-NAA in (-CD Hydrogels for pH Sensitive Release

1-NAA with (-CD Grafted Polyethyleneimine ((CD-PEI) Forming Microgels

1-NAA in Micellar Media

1-NAA in β-CD Polymer (PβCD) Inclusion Complex

Conclusion

References

Index