BIOACTIVE MOLECULES IN PLANT FOODS

BIOACTIVE MOLECULES IN PLANT FOODS

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Contents

Preface

Chapter I: Plant Bioactives in Chinese Dietary Herbs

Abstract

Introduction

1. Dietary Herbs Commonly Used as Spices and Flavouring Ingredients in Chinese Food

1.1. Zingiber officinale Rosc. (Common Name: Ginger; Chinese

Name: Jiang)

1.2. Zanthoxylum schinifolium Sieb. tt Zucc. or Z. bungeanum Maxim. (Common Name: Prickly-Ash; Chinese Name: Hua Jiao)

1.3. Illicium verum Hook. F. (Common Name: Star Anise; Chinese Name: Ba Jiao)

1.4. Cinnamomum cassia Presl (Common Name: Chinese Cinnamon; Chinese Name: Rou Gui)

1.5. Piper nigrum L. (Common Name: Black Pepper; Chinese Name:

Hei Hu Jiao)

1.6. Other Chinese Herbs Used as Spices and Flavouring Ingredients

2. Dietary Herbs Commonly Used as Tonic Ingredients in Chinese Food

2.1. Dioscorea opposita Thunb. (Common Name: Yam; Chinese Name: Shan Yao)

2.2. Ziziphus jujuba Mill. (Common Name: Chinese Date; Chinese

Name: Zao)

2.3. Lycium barbarum L. (Common Name: Wolfberry; Chinese Name: Gou Qi or Goji Berry)

2.4. Sesamum indicum L. (Common Name: Black Sesame; Chinese Name: Hei Zhi Ma)

2.5. Other Dietary Herbs Used as Tonic Ingredients

3. Dietary Herbs That Help Digestion

3.1. Crataegus pinnatifida Bge. Var. major N.E.Br. or C. pinnatifida Bge. (Common Name: Chinese Hawthorn Fruit; Chinese Name: Shan Zha)

3.2. Hordeum vulgare L. (Common Name: Malt, Germinated Barley; Chinese Name: Mai Ya)

3.3. Other Herbs that Regulate Digestion

4. Dietary Herbs Commonly Used as Tea for

Flu and Fever

4.1. Lonicera japonica Thunb. (Common Name: Japanese Honeysuckle; Chinese Name: Jin Yin Hua, Er Hua)

4.2. Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. (Common Name: Chrysanthemum; Chinese Name: Ju Hua)

4.3. Other Herbs Used as Tea Ingredients

5. Other Herbs in the Chinese Food System

5.1. Poria cocos (Schw.) Wolf (Chinese Name: Fu Ling)

5.2. Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. (Common Name: Lotus Seed; Chinese Name: Lian Zi)

5.3. Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi (Common Name: Kudzu; Chinese Name: Ge Gen)

5.4. Other Miscellaneous Herbs in Chinese Food System

6. Healthy Food and Novel Food Products in China

6.1. Healthy Food

6.1.1. Permitted Health Claims for Healthy Food Products

6.1.2. List of Chinese Regulatory Guidelines Related to Healthy Food Products

6.2. Novel Food Products

7. Future Perspective

Acknowledgment

References

Chapter II: Seed Storage Proteins as Sources of Bioactive Peptides

Abstract

Introduction

1. Seed Storage Proteins - General Description

1.1. Cereals

1.2. Legumes

1.3. Brassica and other Oilseeds

2. Bioactive Peptides

3. Physiological Functions of SSP-Derived Bioactive Peptides

3.1. Antihypertensive Effect and Angiotensin I-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibiting Peptides

Brassica spp.

Buckwheat

Chickpea

Field Pea

Maize

Mung Bean

Sesame

Soybeans

Sunflower

Wheat

3.2. Opioid Activity

3.3. Antioxidant Activity

3.4. Cholesterol Lowering Ability

3.5. Modulation of Immune Function

3.6. Calmodulin Binding Activity

3.7. Anticancer Activity

4. Prediction of Bioactivities of SSP Derived Peptides

Using Peptide Databases

References

Chapter III: Bioactivity of Flaxseed Lignans

Abstract

Abreviations

Introduction

1. Lignan-General Description

1.1. Food Sources

2. Mammalian Lignans

2.1. Conversion of Plant to Mammalian Lignans

2.2. Role of Gut Flora in the Oxidation of Plant Lignans to Mammalian Lignans

2.3. Hepatic Metabolism of Mammalian Lignans

2.3.1. Phase I Metabolism

2.3.2. Phase 2 Metabolism

2.4. Flaxseed Lignan Uptake and Urinary Levels

2.5. Flaxseed Lignan Uptake and Plasma Levels

3. Lignans – Health Benefits

3.1. Animal Studies

3.2. Human Studies

3.4. Correlation between In Vitro Production and In Vivo Excretion of Lignans

4. Lignan- Antioxidant Activity

4.1. Antioxidant Activity

References

Chapter IV: Chemistry and Bioactivity of Food Phytoalexins

Abstract

Introduction

Structures, Occurence and Biosynthesis of Food Phytoalexins

Resveratrol and Pterostilbene

Pterocarpans

Capsidiol, Rishitin and Allixin

Bioactivity of Food-Derived Phytoalexins

Resveratrol

Pterostilbene

Glyceollins

Other Phytoalexins

Conclusion

References

Chapter V: Bioactivity of Alkylresorcinols

Abstract

Abbreviations

1. Introduction

2. Alkylresorcinols Structure and Sources in Nature

3. Pharmacokinetics of Alkylresorcinols

3.1. Intake and Digestibility

3.2. Absorption

3.3. Distribution

3.4. Metabolism

3.5. Elimination

4. Biological Effects of Alkylresorcinols

4.1. Antimicrobial Activity

4.2. Antioxidant Activity

4.3. Anticarcinogenic Activity

4.4. Membrane, Protein and Enzyme Interactions

4.5. Effects on Metabolism

4.6. Effects on Growth

4.7. Other Effects

5. Methods

5.1. Extraction Methods

5.1.1. Traditional Solvent Extraction (TSE)

5.1.2. Soxhlet Extraction

5.1.3. Super Critical Carbon Dioxide Extraction SC-Co2

5.2. Methods of Analysis

5.2.1. Colorimetry

5.2.2. Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC)

5.2.3. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and Gas Chromatography (GC)

Conclusion

References

Chapter VI: Seabuckthorn (Hippophae Rhamnoides L) and its Products: A Powerhouse of Phytochemicals

Abstract

Introduction

Seabuckthorn Production Updates in Canada

Seabuckthorn Fractions

Seabuckthorn and its Functional Components

Bioactivity of Seabuckthorn – Why it Is Good for you

Seabuckthorn Inhibits Lipid Oxidation (in Foods too)

Highlights of Research Findings on Seabuckthorn from Food Development Centre (FDC), Portage la Prairie, Manitoba, Canada

Seabuckthorn Processing

Seabuckthorn Uses

Chemical Composition of Juice

Nutritional Composition of Juice

Seabuckthorn Juice Sensory Attributes

Seabuckthorn Beverage Formulation Considerations

Seabuckthorn Beverage Nutritional Profile

Dried Seabuckthorn Pulp Nutritional Composition

Dried Seabuckthorn Pulp Sensory Attributes

Seabuckthorn Energy Bar Nutritional Profile

Fruit Fractions of Seabuckthorn

Extraction of Oils from Puree, Skin and Seed Fractions

Seabuckthorn Products Developed at the Food Development Centre, Manitoba: Seabuckthorn Infused Fruit

Seabuckthorn Juice Products

Seabuckthorn Juice Powder

Seabuckthorn Pulp Products

Seabuckthorn Pulp and Seed Separation

Conclusion

References

Index