NATIONAL SECURITY AND PREPAREDNESS ISSUES, DEVELOPMENTS, AND ANALYSES VOLUME 2

NATIONAL SECURITY AND PREPAREDNESS ISSUES, DEVELOPMENTS, AND ANALYSES VOLUME 2

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

CONTENTS

PREFACE

Chapter 1 NATIONAL SECURITY STRATEGY: MANDATES, EXECUTION TO DATE, AND ISSUES FOR CONGRESS

SUMMARY

INTRODUCTION

WHY STRATEGY?

STRATEGIC REVIEWS AND REPORTS WITH STATUTORY REQUIREMENTS

SELECTED STRATEGIC REVIEWS AND REPORTS WITHOUT STATUTORY REQUIREMENTS

ISSUES FOR CONGRESS

Chapter 2 AUNIFIED NATIONAL SECURITY BUDGET? ISSUES FOR CONGRESS*

SUMMARY

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND

UNIFIED APPROACHES TO BUDGETING FOR NATIONAL SECURITY

ISSUES

Chapter 3 U.S.-EU COOPERATION AGAINST TERRORISM

SUMMARY

BACKGROUND ON EUROPEAN UNION EFFORTS AGAINST TERRORISM

U.S.-EU COUNTERTERRORISM COOPERATION: PROGRESS TO DATE AND ON GOING CHALLENGES

U.S. PERSPECTIVES AND ISSUES FOR CONGRESS

Chapter 4 IMMEDIATE OPPORTUNITIES FOR STRENGTHENING THE NATION’S CYBERSECURITY∗

I. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

II. INTRODUCTION

III. HARDENING EFFORTS NEED ATTENTION

IV. A NATIONAL STRATEGY CAN ACCELERATE THEADOPTION OF BEST PRACTICES

V. DYNAMIC, REAL-TIME RESPONSEHAS BECOME ESSENTIAL

VI. NEW ENGINEERING METHODOLOGIES AND NEWSOFTWARE ARCHITECTURES ARE NEEDED

Chapter 5 ELECTRONIC GRID VULNERABILITY: INDUSTRY RESPONSES REVEAL SECURITY GAPS∗

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

INTRODUCTION

METHODOLOGY

FINDINGS

Chapter 6 SECURITY CLEARANCE PROCESS: ANSWERS TO FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS

SUMMARY

INTRODUCTION

WHAT IS A SECURITY CLEARANCE?

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A SECURITYCLEARANCE AND A SUITABILITY CHECK?

WHAT ARE THE LEVELS OF SECURITY CLEARANCES?

WHO IS ELIGIBLE TO OBTAIN A SECURITY CLEARANCE?

CAN AN INDIVIDUAL OBTAIN A SECURITY CLEARANCE ONHIS OR HER OWN?

ARE CONSTITUTIONAL OFFICERS (E.G., THE PRESIDENT,MEMBERS OF CONGRESS) REQUIRED TO HOLD ASECURITY CLEARANCE TO ACCESSCLASSIFIED INFORMATION?

ARE CONGRESSIONAL STAFF AND JUDICIAL STAFFREQUIRED TO HOLD A SECURITY CLEARANCE TO GAINACCESS TO CLASSIFIED INFORMATION?

HOW MANY INDIVIDUALS HOLD SECURITY CLEARANCESIN TOTAL AND AT EACH LEVEL?

WHAT ARE THE MAJOR ASPECTS OF THE SECURITYCLEARANCE PROCESS?

ARE PRIVATE CONTRACTORS SUBJECT TO THE SAMECLEARANCE PROCESS AS DIRECTGOVERNMENT EMPLOYEES?

WHICH AGENCIES ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR CONDUCTINGBACKGROUND INVESTIGATIONS?

WHO PAYS FOR BACKGROUND INVESTIGATIONS?

ON AVERAGE, HOW LONG DOES IT TAKE TO OBTAIN ASECURITY CLEARANCE?

ARE THERE GUIDELINES OR STANDARDS FORAPPROVING, DENYING, OR REVOKING ASECURITY CLEARANCE?

CAN THE OUTCOME OF A SECURITY CLEARANCEDETERMINATION BE APPEALED?

MAY A SECURITY CLEARANCE GRANTED BY ONEAGENCY BE ACCEPTED BY OTHER AGENCIES?

INDEX