Contents

Introduction

Statistical analyses in human development research

Acknowledgements

References

Section one: Human development research

Use of structural equation modeling

in human development research

Abstract

Introduction

Factor analysis

Structural equation modeling

Statistical modeling

Assumptions of SEM

Steps of performing SEM

Model specification

Model identification

Parameter estimation

Goodness of fit assessment

1. Chi-square test statistic

2. Absolute goodness-of-fit indices

3. Incremental/comparative fit indices

4. Residual based indices

5. Model comparison indices

Application of SEM in research on human development

Strengths and limitations of SEM

Software for SEM

Acknowledgments

References

Application of SPSS linear mixed methods

to adolescent development research:

Basic concepts and steps

Abstract

Introduction

Background of IGC

Using longitudinal data in the Project P.A.T.H.S.

as an example

Participants and procedures

Preparatory step 1: Transforming data format

Preparatory step 2: Centering of time

Preparatory step 3: Computing different functions of time

Step 1: Unconditional mean model (Model 1)

Step 2: Unconditional linear growth model (Model 2)

Step 3: Unconditional quadratic growth curve model (Model 3)

Step 4: Unconditional cubic growth model (Model 4)

Step 5: The uncontrolled effect of predictor (Model 5)

Step 6: The controlled effect of group (Model 6)

Step 7: Examining covariance structure

Compound symmetry (CS) covariance structure (Model 7a)

First-order autoregressive (AR1) covariance structure (Model 7b)

Unstructured (UN) covariance structure (Model 7a)

Discussion

Acknowledgments

References

How to plot growth curves based on SPSS output? Illustrations based on a study

on adolescent development

Abstract

Introduction

Baseline growth curve model

Using longitudinal data in the project P.A.T.H.S.

as an example

Chinese Positive Youth Development Scale (CPYDS)

Delinquency scale

Predictor and covariates

Data analytic plan

Centering of time

Example 1: CPYDS12 as an outcome indicator

Example 2: Delinquent behaviors

Discussion

Acknowledgments

References

Appendix 1

Model 1: The effect of group on CPYDS12

Mixed Model Analysis

Fixed Effects

Covariance

Appendix 2

Appendix 3

Model 2: The effect of group on Delinq

Mixed Model Analysis

Fixed Effects

Covariance Parameters

Appendix 4

Confirmatory factor analysis using AMOS:

A demonstration

Abstract

Introduction

First-order model and higher-order model

Steps in CFA modeling

Model modification

Model comparison

Nested model comparison

Non-nested model comparison

AMOS

An illustration of conducting CFA

with AMOS 17.0 program

Examining the primary-order factor structure of Form B

Step 1: Data screening

Step 2: Model specification with AMOS Graphics

Step 3: Parameter estimation

Step 4: Read AMOS text output

Summary of model, parameters and estimation

Model assessment

1. Individual parameter estimation

2. Parameter estimation for the whole model

Step 5: Model modification

Examining the higher-order factor structure

of form B

Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

Testing factorial invariance across groups: An illustration using AMOS

Abstract

Introduction

Meaning of factorial invariance and related tests

Procedure of factorial invariance testing

An illustration of testing factorial invariance using AMOS 17.0 program

Step 1: Preliminary single group analyses

Step 2: Testing configural invariance

Step 3: Testing a fully constrained model

Step 4: Testing for factor loading invariance

Step 5: Testing for structural invariance

Step 6: Testing for item uniqueness invariance

Conclusion

Appendix A.

The “Manage Group” dialog box: Addition of a new group

Appendix B.

Labeling of a new group in the manage group dialog box

Appendix C.

The identification of data files

Appendix D.

The “Object Properties” option in the right-click menu

Appendix E.

The “Object Properties” dialog box: Labeling one factor loading.

Acknowledgements

References

The use of confirmatory factor analyses in adolescent research: Project P.A.T.H.S. in Hong Kong

Abstract

Introduction

Using longitudinal data in the Project P.A.T.H.S. as an example

Participants and procedures

Instruments

Model evaluation

Data analytic strategy

Step 1: Testing a 3-factor model (Model 1)

Steps 3 and 4: Testing a 4-factor hierarchical model (Models 2a and 2b)

Step 5: Testing configural invariance (Models 3)

Step 6: Testing first-order factor loading invariance (Model 4)

Step 7: Testing second-order factor loading invariance (Model 5)

Discussion

Acknowledgements

References

Family functioning, positive youth development and internet addiction in junior secondary school students: Structural equation models using AMOS

Abstract

Introduction

Path analysis

Full latent variable model

Testing full latent variable model: An illustration

Step 1: Confirmatory factor analysis

Step 2: Full model testing

Step 3: Competitive models testing

Discussion

Acknowledgements

References

Section two: Application

Using structural equation modeling to examine consumption of pornographic materials in Chinese adolescents in Hong Kong

Abstract

Introduction

Methods

Instruments

The Chinese Positive Youth Development Scale (CPYDS)

The Chinese Family Assessment Instrument (CFAI)

Exposure to pornographic materials

Analysis

Data analytic strategy

Model evaluation

Results

Step 1: Testing a direct effect model (Model 1)

Step 2: Testing a direct and indirect effect model (Model 2)

Step 3: Testing an additional path (Model 1a)

Discussion

Acknowledgements

Appendix 1.

Creating matrices and checking for normality

Appendix 2

LISREL outputs for testing a direct effect model (Model 1)

Appendix 3.

LISREL outputs for testing a direct and indirect effect model (Model 2)

Appendix 4.

LISREL outputs for testing an additional path (Model 1a)

References

Intention to engage in sexual behavior: Influence of family functioning and positive youth development over time

Abstract

Introduction

Methods

Instruments

The Chinese Positive Youth Development Scale (CPYDS)

The Chinese Family Assessment Instrument (CFAI)

Behavioral intention: sexual activity

Analysis

Data analytic strategy

Model evaluation

Results

Step 1: Testing an autoregressive model (Model 1)

Step 2: Testing the mediating effect of PYD (i.e., Family T2 (PYD T1(SB T2) (Model 2)

Step 3: Testing the mediating effect of family functioning (i.e., PYD T1(Family T2(SB T2) (Model 3)

Step 4: Testing a full cross-lagged model (i.e., FamilyT1(PYD T2(SB T2 ; PYD T1(Family T2(SB T2 ) (Model 4)

Discussion

Acknowledgements

References

Objective outcome evaluation of a positive youth development program in China

Introduction

Methods

Instruments

Assessment of positive youth development

Assessment of thriving and positive behavior

Assessment of adolescent problem behavior

Subjective outcome evaluation

Results

Discussion

Acknowledgments

References

Subjective outcome evaluation of the training program of the project P.A.T.H.S.: Findings based on the revised

training program

Introduction

Methods

Instruments

Results

Discussion

Acknowledgments

References

Subjective outcome evaluation of a positive youth development program in China

Introduction

Methods

Instruments

Data analyses

Results

Discussion

Acknowledgments

References

The Chinese adolescent materialism scale: Psychometric properties and normative profiles

Introduction

Methods

Instruments

Data analysis strategies for factor analyses

Results

Discussion

Acknowledgments

References

The Chinese Adolescent Egocentrism Scale: Psychometric properties and

normative profiles

Introduction

Methods

Instruments

Chinese Adolescent Egocentrism Scale (CAES)

The Chinese Morality Scale

The Chinese Version of the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (C-IRI)

The Chinese Adolescent Materialism Scale (CAMS)

The Chinese Spirituality Scale

Data analytic plan

Results

Exploratory factor analysis

Confirmatory factor analyses

Reliability

Construct validity

Descriptive profile

Discussion

Acknowledgments

References

Section three: Acknowledgement

About the editors

About the Department of Applied Social Sciences, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Contact

About the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development in Israel

Mission

Service and academic activities

Research activities

National collaborations

International collaborations

Targets

Contact

About the book series “Pediatrics, child and adolescent health”

Contact

Section four: Index

Index