HEPATIC STEATOSIS: CLINICAL RISK FACTORS, MOLECULAR MECHANISMS AND TREATMENT OUTCOMES

HEPATIC STEATOSIS: CLINICAL RISK FACTORS, MOLECULAR MECHANISMS AND TREATMENT OUTCOMES

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Contents

Preface

Unit 1: Genesis, Diagnosis and Treatments

Chapter 1: Hepatic Steatosis: Origins, Epidemiology and Pharmacological Treatments

Abstract

Introduction

Cause and Prevalence

Disease Progression

Treatments

Nutritional Education, Physical Exercise and Lifestyle Intervention

Carbohydrates

Lipids

Cholesterol

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids

Vitamin E and D

Physical Exercise

Pharmacotherapy

Antidiabetic Drugs - Insulinsensitizer

Biguanides

DPP-4 Inhibitors

Thiazolidinediones

Incretin Analogs

Lipid Lowering Drugs

Hepatoprotective Drugs

Conclusion

References

Chapter 2: Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Clinical, Laboratory and Imaging Diagnostic Methods

Abstract

1. Introduction

2. NAFLD Laboratory Evaluation

2.1. Laboratorial Exams

2.2. Necroinflammatory Biomarkers

2.3. Oxidative Stress Biomarkers

2.4. Fibrosis Biomarkers

3. Image Methods

3.1. Ultrasound (EUS)

3.2. Computed Tomography (CT)

3.3. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

3.4. Transient Elastography - TE

Conclusion

References

Chapter 3: Bariatric Surgery as Potential Treatment for Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Abstract

Introduction

Bariatric Surgery As a Potential Treatment for NAFLD

A. Roux En Y Gastric Bypass (RYGB)

B. Vertical Band Gastroplasty

C. Adjustable Gastric Banding

D. Malabsorptive Procedures

The Proposed Changes That Occur Following Bariatric Surgery Resulting in an Improvement in NAFLD

Conclusion

References

Unit 2: Nutrition and Molecular Mechanisms in Liver

Chapter 4: Lipid Metabolism in Fatty Liver Disease

Abstract

Introduction

Hepatic Metabolism of Lipids in Physiologic Conditions

Fatty Acids

Triacylglycerols

Cholesterol

Phospholipids

Omega-3 fatty Acids

Fatty Liver Disease

Triacylglycerols and Steatosis

Triacylglycerols Uptake

Triacylglycerol Synthesis

Triacylglycerols Oxidation

Triacylglycerols Secretion

Cholesterol and Steatosis

Cholesterol Synthesis

Cholesterol Uptake

Phospholipid and Steatosis

Omega-3 and Steatosis

Conclusion

References

Chapter 5: Liver Steatosis: Inflammation and Oxidative Stress

Chapter 5: Liver Steatosis: Inflammation and Oxidative Stress

Abstract

Introduction

Inflammation and Pathogenesis in NAFLD

Participation of Immune Cells

Gut-Derived Products Promote Inflammation in the Liver

Role of Cytokines in NAFLD

TNF-α

TGF-β

IL-6

IL-10

Adipose Tissue and Adipokines in NAFLD

Oxidation and Obesity in NAFLD

Oxidative Stress Associated Insulin Resistance

Liver Oxidation

Oxidative Stress in NAFLD, Molecular Mechanism

Mitochondrial Dysfunction

Cytochrome P450 and ROS

Endoplasmatic Reticulum Stress

Conclusion

References

Chapter 6: Immunological Features of Alcohol-Induced Hepatic Steatosis

Abstract

Introduction

General Aspects of Alcohol Consumption and Alcoholic-Hepatic Steatosis

Endotoxin Cells, Innate Immune System Effector Molecules and Their Roles in Alcohol-Induced Liver Injury

Resident Innate Immune Cells

Kupffer Cells

NK Cells and Natural Killer T Cells

Dendritic Cells

Infiltration by Neutrophils

Complement System

Adaptive Immune System Cells and Their Roles in Alcohol-Induced

Liver Injury

T Cells

B Cells

Conclusion

References

Chapter 7: The Role of Angiogenesis in Liver: The Parallel between Health and Disease

Abstract

Angiogenesis: Concepts and Mechanisms

Introduction

The First Vessels in Life

Vessel Formation in Health and Disease

Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF)

Angiopoietins and the TIE Receptor Axis

Platelet-Derived Growth Factor (PDGF) and PDGFR Axis

Placental Growth Factor (PlGF)

Extracellular Matrix (ECM)

Hypoxia-Driven Pathological Angiogenesis

Angiogenesis in Liver Disease

AngiogenESIS in Steatotic Liver Regeneration

Abstract

Introduction

Angiogenic Factors in Physiologic liver Regeneration and Steatotic Liver Regeneration

Angiogenesis in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Risk Factors Correlated with the Development of HCC

Hepatitis B (HBV)

Hepatitis C (HCV)

Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD)

Other Risk Factors

Fibrosis in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Hypoxia in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Important Mediators FOR HCC Metastasis

P28Gank (Gankyrin)

Prospero-related Homeobox 1 (PROX1)

Inhibitor of DNA Binding 1 (ID-1)

Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF)

Surgery (Resection or Liver Transplantation)

Locoregional Therapy

RFA and PEI

Transarterial Therapies

Systemic Treatment with Chemotherapy and Anti-Angiogenesis Drugs

Drugs to Be Studied in Advanced HCC

New Molecular Targets Are Being Investigated for the Treatment of HCC

References

Chapter 8: Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease - Looking Deeper into Diet Composition

Abstract

Abbreviations

Introduction

Macronutrients

Carbohydrates

Refined Carbohydrates: Glucose, Fructose and Sucrose

Sources

Structures

Absorption

Consumption and Effect on Metabolism

Conclusion

Complexes Carbohydrates: Fibers

Sources and Structure

Consumption and Effect on Metabolism

Conclusion

Lipids

Saturated and Unsaturated Fatty Acids

Sources

Structure

Absorption of Fatty Acids

Consumption and Effect on Metabolism

Cholesterol

Sources, Structure and Absorption

Consumption and Effect on Metabolism

Conclusion

Proteins

Sources

Structure

Absorption

Consumption and Effect on Metabolism

Conclusion

Treatment of NAFLD

Dietary Recommendations

References

Chapter 9: Diets for Preventing Hepatic Steatosis

Abstract

Abbreviations

Introduction

Human Studies and Dietary Recommendations

Observational Studies

Interventional Studies

Lifestyle and Dietary Recommendations

Mechanisms for the Lipotropic Effect

Betaine, Choline, Methionine, and Myo-Inositol: The Trans-Sulfuration Pathway and the Production of LDL and VLDL

Food Sources

Lipotropic Mechanisms

Carnitine for Lipid Oxidation in Mitochondria

Food Sources

Lipotropic Mechanisms

Lipotropic Micronutrients: An Indirect and Synergetic Supportive Effect

Other Lipotropic Compounds

The Lipotropic Package

Evaluating the Lipotropic Potential of Foods or Diets

The Lipotropic Potential and Capacity of Foods

The Lipotropic Potential of Raw Plant Products

Influence of Technological Treatments on the Lipotropic Potential of Plant Products

Discussion and Conclusion

Plant - versus Animal-Based Foods

Lipotrope Amounts Supplied by a Standard

French, Western Diet

Standard French Diet versus food Pyramid Recommendations

Daily Lipotrope Consumption

Choline

Betaine

Conclusion

What Should Daily Intake of Betaine and Myo-Inositol Be?

Betaine

Myo-Inositol

Conclusions

General Conclusion and Perspectives

What Compounds Should Be Treated as Lipotropes?

The Lack of Human Studies

Databases for the Lipotrope Contents of PBFs

Practical Implications for Preventive Nutrition

References

Unit 3: New Insights and Treatment Perspectives

Chapter 10: Liver Steatosis and the Renin Angiotensin System: New Advances and Perspectives

Abstract

Introduction

Renin-Angiotensin System: A New System

Renin-Angiotensin System and Hepatic Steatosis

Renin-Angiotensin System Blockers

Angiontensin-(1-7) in Hepatic Steatosis

Conclusion

References

Chapter 11: Resveratrol, Sirtuins and Hepatic Steatosis

Abstract

Resveratrol and Sirtuins

Resveratrol

Sirtuins

Resveratrol and Hepatic Steatosis

SIRT1

Lipogenesis

Liver Lipoprotein Receptors

Fatty Acid Oxidation

Inflammation

Oxidative Stress

Conclusion

References

Index