Chapter
Emotionality of Blunt Affect in Schizophrenia: A Multi-Dimensional Interpretation
Blunt Affect of Schizophrenia: An Articulation of Emotionality
Blunt Affect as Adverse Stimuli from Oppressive Environment
Blunt Affect as Problems and Difficulties in Formulating a Positive Interpretation and Judgment
Blunt Affect as Insufficient Readiness, Empathy and Interest to Show Emotional Response
Blunt Affect as a Defense Mechanism to Unresolved Anxiety and Threat
Implications to Interactions and Interventions
Interventions for Blunt Affect in Negative Symptoms, Deficit Impairment and Structured Training
Intervention for Blunt Affect in Boredom, Stimulating, Empathic and Supportive Environment
Interventions for Blunt Affect in terms of Ontological Insecurity
Intervention in Level 1: Avoid or Prevent further Engulfment, Implosion and Petrification by Others
Intervention in Level 2: Avoid or Prevent further Self Engulfment, Implosion and Petrification
Intervention in Level 3: Help Client to Assert His/Her Rights, Autonomy, Integrity and Dignity in Facing Engulfment, Implosion and Petrification by Others
Intervention in Level 4: Nurture or Provide a Non-Engulfing and Developing, Non-Implosive and Supportive, Non-Petrifying and Personalizing Psychosocial Environment
Interventions for Psychotic Blunt Affect in Terms of Emotionality
Intervention for Problematic Affects
Interventions for Blunt Affect as Adverse Stimuli from Oppressive Environment
Interventions for Blunt Affect as Problems and Difficulties in Formulating a Positive Interpretation and Judgment
Structural Training to Improve Abstract Thinking and Flexibility in Thinking
Creative Artwork, Interest and Spontaneous Involvement in Enhancing Psychic Energy to Make Judgment
Intervention to Simplify Hyper-reflectivity and Improve Reality Contact
Intervention Strategies for Psychotic Blunt Affect as Avoidance to Make Moral Judgment to Highly Oppressive Environment
Interventions for Blunt Affect as Insufficient Readiness, Empathy and Interest to Show Emotional Response
Interventions for Blunt Affects as Defense Mechanism to Unresolved Anxiety and Threat
Chapter 3: Angry Feelings in Persons with Depression: Interpretation and Intervention
Introduction: Challenges and Concern in Working with Severe Depression
Anger, Rage and Narcissist Rage
Physiological Responses of Anger
Cognitive and Evolutionary Perspective of Anger
Implications to Intervention
Stages and Types of Anger
Implications to Interventions
1. Depressive Anger as Anger Turns Towards Oneself
2. Intervention Implications
Measurement and Assessment of Anger
Implications to Intervention to Depressive Anger
Psychodynamic Perspective of Anger
Implications to Intervention
Implications to Interventions
Depression as Anger Turn Inward
Freud’s Mourning and Melancholia
Anger in Terms of Loss of Object Love and Beloved Object
Implications to Intervention
Anger in Terms of Loyalty and Commitment to the Lost Object
Loyalty and Commitment to the Lost Object
Destruction of the Beloved Lost Object
Anger in Terms of Irreplaceable Lost Object
Implications to Intervention
Abraham’s Interference of Love and Hatred Towards External Object
Interference of Love and Hatred
Pleasure from Self Suffering
Ambivalence and Conflict in Repression of Anger and Love
Implications to Intervention
Projection of Anger of Bad Object and Introjection of Good Object in Klein’s Depression Position and Schizoid Position
Stage A: Ego Development to Identify Good Object
Stage B: Dependency and Greediness towards the Good Object
Stage C: Fear/Anxiety towards the Loss of the Good Object
Stage D: Formation of the Good and Bad Object Together
Stage E: Anger and Attack towards the Bad Object
Stage F: Risk of Destroying the Good Object in the Attack and Hatred towards the Bad Object
Stage G: Superego and Demand on Good Object
Stage H: Continuous Vicious Cycle of Hatred, Demand and Splitting
Implications on Intervention
Narcissistic Vulnerability of Angry feeling
Four Inter-Related Dimensions in Anger and Melancholia
The First Dimension Is the Relationship with the Object
The Second Dimension Is the Loss of Object
The Third Dimension is that Stage of Ambivalence and Repression of Love and Hatred Towards the Lost Object
Shifting within Various Types of Combination
Self-Devaluation as Most Frequent Use Mechanism and Source of Pleasure
The Fourth Dimension is the Conflict, Splitting between the Good and Bad Object
Splitting of Object into Good and Bad Object
Individual Formulates the Bad Self from the Bad Object
Strict Demand on Good Object by Superego
Projection of Anger from the Bad Self towards the Bad Object
Hate, Anger and Attack towards the Bad Object
Anger towards the Bad Object may also Diminish the Good Object
Layers of Feeling of Anger in Depression and Its Implications to Intervention
1. Feeling from Immediate Physical and Social Context
2. The Intermediate Feeling of Recent Period of Time
3. Deep Intermediate Feelings of One’s Life Patterns and Hobbies
4. Deep Feelings of Personality and Selfhood
5. Ultimate Feelings of Ontological Existence
Internalization of Feelings in Various Layers
Internalization of Anger by Lost Object from Various Layers
A. Dependence, Love and Anger towards the Beloved Object before the Loss
B. Internalized Anger in the Feeling of Immediate Social and Physical Context in Severe Depression
C. Internalized Anger in the Feeling of Recent Period of time in Severe Depression
D. Internalized Anger in the Feeling of Life Pattern and Hobbies in Severe Depression
E. Deep feelings of Personality and Selfhood in Severe Depression
F. Internalized Anger in the Ultimate Feeling of Ontological Existence in Severe Depression
Forms of Internalized Anger and Related Emotions in Severe Depression
Implications to Interventions
John: The Lonely and Depressive Architect
1. Understand John’s Introjected and Internalized Anger and Other Related Feelings in Various Layers of Feelings
2. Reactivate John’s Normal Spontaneous Feelings from Immediate Physical and Social Context by Healthy, Normalized and Integrated Activities and Social Interaction So that New Positive Feelings Can Be Internalized
a. E Met Tammy and Sought Her Cooperation in Helping John to Come out from Her Severe Depression
b. With the Help of John’s Supportive Colleagues, James, Jack and Bernard, John Was Encouraged to Meet His Children and His Former Wife
c. Reactivate John’s Normal Spontaneous Positive Feeling from Immediate Physical and Social Context by Healthy, Normalized and Integrated Physical, Recreational and Social Activities
3. Cultivate John’s Physical and Mental Energy by Normal Daily Pattern Schedule (Sleeping, Activities, Eating and Exercise) with the Accompany and Support of Good Significant Others
4. Ventilate and Resolve John’s Negative Emotions Such As Loneliness, Sadness, Meaninglessness, Emptiness and Boredom. In Doing So, Anger Internalized in Different Layers of Feelings Should Also Be Resolved Appropriately
5. In The Process of Resolving John’s Deep Seated and Masked Anger with Severe Depressive Mood, E Should Also Help John to Resolve His Love and Hate Ambivalence, Over-Identification and Split of Good and Bad Objects in Responding to the Chronic Loss a...
6. In Resolving the Deep Seated Anger, His Self-Image, Ego Functioning and Meaning of Life Should Also Be Enhanced So That He Can Develop Full Confidence and Assertiveness in Developing New Meaningful and Constructive Attachment and Relationship with ...
Depression as a Secondary to Anger and Anger as Defense against Depression
Freud’s Description in Instincts and Their Vicissitudes
Searles’ Defensive Function of Vengefulness in Grief, Separation and Depression
Wixen’s Grudges and Joffe’s Envy in Defending Depression
Meissner’s Paranoid Response to Defend Loss and Depression
Bowlby’s Description of Protest Phenomenon in Children
Wolfenstein’s Denial of Loss and Fantasies of Return
Cramerus’ Affirmation of Protest, Coercion, Blame, Reproach and Victimization in Defence of Depression
Bibring’s Loss of Self-esteem, Worthiness and Destructiveness
The Loss of Individual Power and Sense of Helplessness
The Collapse of Self-esteem and Ego System
The Loss of Actual Object
From Collapse to Recovery of Ego’s Self-esteem
Aggression, Helplessness and Depression
From Irreplaceable Loss to Replaceable Loss
Implications to Intervention
A Summary of Anger to Defense Depression
Four Variables Determining Degree of Self-directed Anger and Depression
Assessment of Anger and Depression
Case Illustration: Allan’s Outburst of Anger towards His Leaving Mother
Assessment of Internalized Anger and Depression in Allan’s Case
Variable 5: Chance and Possible Effort to Prevent and Deter the Leaving of the Lost Object (E)
Depression as Secondary to Inhibited Anger Expression
Greensberg’s Loss, Anger and Sadness
Inability to Deal with Anger
Suppression and Accumulation of Unresolved Anger
Unresolved Complex of Anger and Sadness
Perls’ Unexpressed Resentment, Awareness, Nothingness and Loss
Prolonged but Moderate Depression without Permanent Harm on Ego System
Implications to Intervention
Component in Aimlessness Depression
Interventions for Aimlessness Depression
Depression due to Anger from Repeated Failure, Hopelessness and Helplessness
Seligman’s Depression in Terms of Learned Helplessness
Sense of Helplessness, Hopelessness and Depression
Symptoms of Depression and Learned Helplessness
Re-Adjustment of the Learned Helplessness Model
Implications to Intervention with Persons with Depression
Short Term Helplessness or Prolonged Helplessness
Intervention Frame for Helplessness Depression
Case Background: A Helpless and Highly Stressful but Committed Teacher
Beck’s Self-blaming Schema
Beck’s Self Attribution Schemas and Freud’s Introjective Anger
Implications to Intervention
EMOTIONALITY OF MENTAL ILLNESS. VOLUME II: SENSE OF DISSOCIATIVE FEAR IN POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER AND LONELINESS MOOD IN BORDERLINE PERSONALITY DISORDER
Chapter 4: Sense of Dissociative Fear in Persons with Acute Stress and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Interpretation and Intervention
Introduction: Dissociative Fear in Trauma
Traumas and Traumatic Experiences
Self-Dissociation in Acute Stress and Trauma
Fear in Traumatic Experiences
Theoretical Underpinnings of Fear
Definitions and Nature of Fear as an Emotion
Biochemical Articulation of Fear
Cognitive Behavioural Perspective of Fear
Existential Perspective on Fear
Fear as a Sense of Existence
Vicious Cycle in Experience of Existential Crises and Fearful Experience
Personal Values and Existence Behind Fearful Experience
Freud’s Psychoanalytical Perspective of Fear
Anxiety as Transformed Libido
Anxiety as Real and Neurotic- Phobic Response
Similarities between Obsessional and Phobic Neuroses
Fear and Anxiety in Trauma
Dissociation and Repression in Traumatic Fear
Fear and Ambivalence in Trauma
Sullivan’s Interpretation of Fear
Difference between Fear and Anxiety
Multi-dimensional Articulation of Fear
1. Terror with Objective Reality
2. Terror with Objective Reality
3. Threatening Terror in terms of Fear, Projecting Terror in terms of Anxiety
Horney Constructive Neurotic Fear
Basic Conflict and Neurotic Mechanism
Unresolved Fear in Neurotic Mechanism
The Fear of Disregard, Humiliation and Ridicule
The Fear of Changing and Changing for the Worse
Dissociation and Splitting in Traumatic Fear
Definitions and Symptoms of Dissociation
According to DSMIV, Dissociation Is Defined As Follows:
Dissociation Mechanism in PTSD
Dissociation of PTSD described in the Dissociation Experience Scale
Recall of Memories of Trauma
Dissociation and Repression of Fearful Memories in Trauma
Breur and Freud’s Repression of Traumatic Memories into Unconsciousness
Repression and Cognitive Science
Lenore Terr’s Type I and Type II Memories and Dissociation
Jennifer Freyd’s Betrayal Theory of Trauma
Van der Kolk’s Double Routes of Memory in Trauma
1. Pierre Janet Concept of Dissociation
2. van der Kolk’s Traumatic Memories and Declarative Memories
3. Ledoux’s Double Route of Fear Stimuli
4. Application of Van Der Kolk’s Double Route Memories
5. Critics of Van Der Kolk Theories
McNally’s Mechanism Traumatic Memory
A Multi-Dimensional Perspective on Recall and Dissociation of Memories of Traumas
Breakdown of Ego System in Repression of Traumatic Fear
Fear of Breaking Down the Ego System
Breaking Down of the Ego System
Four Types of Fear in Traumatic Experiences
Splitting of Ego System and Identification of Lost Object
Braun’s BASK Model of Dissociation
Sullivan’s Dissociation Dynamism
Definition and Nature of Dissociation Dynamism
Dissociation in Terms of Repression of Primitive Impulses
Rationalization in Dissociation Dynamism
Dissociation as Means to Maintain Self Integration
Attention and Inner Psychic Energy Spent on Dissociation Dynamism
Vicious Cycle of Dissociation Dynamism and Deep Ego Disturbance
Symbolization and Fantasy in Prolonged Dissociation Dynamism
Failure of Dissociation Dynamism and Psychotic Breakdown
1. Tremendous Symbolization, Fantasy and Psychotic Breakdown
2. Failure of Dissociation Dynamism and Ambivalent Consciousness
3. Psychotic State as a Diffused and Ineffective Dissociation Dynamism
From Dissociation to Schizophrenia
Janet’s Mental Structure and Energy In Hysterical Dissociation
Mental Depression, Retraction of Consciousness and Dissociation of Idea
Hypnosis, Paralysis, Dissolving Personal Structure and Impaired Personality
Hysteria in Terms of Stigmata and Suggestibility of Idea
1. Self-Labeling Stigmata of Bodily Malfunctioning and Anesthesia
2. Suggestion and Fixation of Idea
3. Suggestibility and Chain of Ideas in Hysterical Action
4. Patternized Chain Response and Recall in Hysterical Action
5. Penetrating Power of Suggestion in Hysterical Action
6. The Process of Suggestion in Hysterical Action
8. Hysterical Action, Hypnotic State and Suggestibility
9. Suggestibility, Absent Mindedness and Subconsciousness
10. Alternation, Transfer and Equivalence in Hysterical Action
Hysteria in Terms of Schema of Personality
Contraction of Consciousness and Exhaustion of Mental Energy
Lapses of all Mental Functions
An Overall Articulation of Hysterical Action, Delirium and Fixated Idea
Types of Hysterical Action and Degree of Dissociation in Terms of Sense of Reality and Consciousness
Dissociation of Idea (Mind): Manoideic Somnambulisms
1. Definition of Dissociation of Idea: Manoideic Somnambulisms
2. Diffusion of Consciousness in Reality due to Traumatic Fear: Case Illustration
3. Irene’s Case of Dissociation of Consciousness in Facing Her Mother’s Death
4. The Mourning and Resilience in Dissociation of Idea in Irene’s Case
5. Related Senses in Dissociation of Idea and Dissociation of Consciousness in Traumatic Fear
6. Dissociation of Idea and Consciousness As Well As Repeated Somnambulic Delirium
7. Blocking of Senses, Consciousness and Reality in Somnambulic Delirium
8. Comparison of Somnambulic Delirium with Psychotic Hallucination and Delusion
9. The Resilience and Recovery of Somnambulic Delirium
10. A Structural Personality View of Somnambulism
Type I and Type II Dissociation in Monoideic and Polyideic Somnambulism
Hysteric Somnambulism: Convulsive Attacks: Dissociation of Body and Consciousness
Structural Dissociation in Chronic Traumatization
Dissociation as a Division of Personality and Consciousness
Apparently Normal Personality (ANP) and Emotional Part of the Personality (EP)
Structural Dissociation between ANP and EP
Levels of Structural Dissociation
1. Primary Structural Dissociation
2. Secondary Structural Dissociation
3. Tertiary Structural Dissociation
Integrated Action in Structural Dissociation
2. Mental Energy and Mental Efficiency in Action Tendencies
3. Low Level Substitute Section
4. High Level Integrative Action
Action Systems in Structural Dissociation
Sense of Fear: An Articulation of Emotionality
A Brief Review of Sense in Emotionality
Sense as Bodily Perceptions and Response
Sense as Spontaneous, Phenomenological and Existential Lived Experience
Sense of Being in Terms of Five Spontaneous Senses
Fear as Emotionality: A Multi-Dimensional Articulation
A Multi-Dimensional Articulation of Fear
Affective Response to Threat
Fear as a Bodily Perception of Threat
Fear as a Spontaneous Sense of Threatening Being
Fear as Sense of Environment
Fear as a Sense of Growth
Implications to Interventions
From Destructive Fear to Dissociative Traumatic Fear
Traumatic Fear and Experiences
Self-dissociation in Traumatic and Fearful Experiences
Rebounce and Re-association of Traumatic Fear and Experiences
Further Dissociation and Avoidance of Traumatic Fear
Primary and Secondary Dissociation and Senses of Emotion
Primary Traumatic Fear and Secondary Traumatic Fear: Its Implications to Intervention
Multi-Dimensional Articulation of Dissociative Traumatic Fear: Interpretation and Intervention
Psychodynamic Interpretation and Intervention
Dissociation/Repression, Ambivalence and Breakdown in Traumatic Fear
Related Senses in Dissociation/Repression, Ambivalence and Breakdown of Traumatic Fear
Implications of Interventions
Cognitive Behavioral Perspective of Dissociative Traumatic Fear
Memories and Recall of Dissociative Traumatic Fear
Senses within Recall and Memories of Dissociative Traumatic Fear
Mixing and Combination of Different Types of Trauma, Recall and Memories
Implications to Intervention with Persons with Traumatic Dissociative Fear
Dissociative Traumatic Fear in Terms of Janet’s Mental Structure and Energy
Dissociative Traumatic Fear and Hysterical Action
Stages in Delirium and/or Fixated Idea
Complete and Incomplete Somnambulism
Senses in Complete and Incomplete Somnambulism and Hysterical Action
Intervention to Persons with Complete and Incomplete Somnambulism (Hysterical Actions)
Chapter 5: Prevailing Loneliness and Fluctuating Mood in Persons with Borderline Personality Disorder: Interpretation and Intervention
Borderline Personality Disorder: A Conceptual Review
Natures and Characteristics of Borderline Personality Disorder
Implications to Intervention with Persons with BPD
Abandonment Trauma vs. Over-sensitivity to Real/Imagined Abandonment
Implications for Intervention with Persons with BPD
Instability in Interpersonal Relationship, Self-image and Perception of Others
Instability in Perception of Others
Instability in Self Perception
Instability in Perception of Self and Others
Four Stages in Shifting of Perception of Self and Others
Principles in Governing the Stages of Development
Implications on Intervention for Clients with Borderline Personality Disorder
Unstable Emotions and Emotional Blackmailing: Impulsivity, Uncontrollable Anger and Suicidal Gestures
Impulsivity, Uncontrollable Anger and Recurrent Self Harm Behaviors
Recurrent Suicidal and Self Harm Behaviors
Implications to Intervention with Persons with Borderline Personality Disorder
Chronic Feelings of Emptiness, Dissociative Symptoms and Paranoid Ideation
Implication on Intervention with Persons with Borderline Personality Disorders
Understanding Loneliness: A Multi-Dimensional Perspective
Definitions and Components of Loneliness
Loneliness, Aloneness and Solitude
Emotional and Social Loneliness
Implications on Interventions with People with Borderline Personality Disorder
Regarding components in loneliness
Regarding Emotional and Social Loneliness
Related Interventions Suggested
Loneliness and the Need to Belong
Implications on Intervention with Persons with Borderline Personality Disorder
Winncott’s Capacity to Be Alone
Various Aspects to Be Alone
Definitions of Capacity to be Alone
To be Alone in Mature and Immature Ways
Holding Environment and Ego Integration
Ego Relatedness, Independence and Capacity to be Alone
Loneliness in Terms of Immature Capacity of to Be Alone
Implications to Intervention with Borderline Personality Disorder
Attachment Style and Loneliness
Implications to Intervention with Persons with Borderline Personality Disorder
Cognitive Behavioral Perspective on Loneliness
Childhood Development and Loneliness
Social/Personality and Loneliness
The Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale
Implications on Interventions with Persons with Borderline Personality Disorder
Existential Perspective on Loneliness
Implications to Intervention to Persons with Borderline Personality Disorder
A Multi-Dimensional View on Loneliness
Implications to Interventions with Persons with Borderline Personality Disorder
Loneliness and Emotionality
A Brief Review of Mood: Implications to Loneliness as a Mood
Definition and Articulation of Mood and Loneliness
Implications to Loneliness as a Mood
Factors and Process of the Externalization of Mood and Emotionality of Mental Illness
Implications to Loneliness as a Mood
Implications on Intervention of Persons with Borderline Personality Disorder
Intensity, Frequency and Duration of Mood and Emotionality of Persons with Mental Illness
Intensity of Mood in Loneliness
Frequency of Loneliness Mood
Duration of Mood and Its Implications to Emotionality of Mental Illness
Duration of Mood Manifestation
Duration of Loneliness Mood
Mood Manifestation in Terms of Combinations of Intensity, Frequency and Duration
Combination of Intensity, Frequency and Duration
A Combination of Intensity, Frequency and Duration in Loneliness Mood
Problematic Mood Manifestation and Loneliness Mood
Impulsive Mood Manifestation
Impulsivity in Loneliness Mood Externalization
Irritable Mood Manifestation
Irritability in Loneliness Mood Externalization
Inertia in Loneliness Mood Externalization
Shape and Size of Mood Container and Loneliness Mood
Type 1: Very Deep but Narrow and Short Emotional Container
Implication to Externalization of Loneliness Mood
Type 2: Very Wide but Shallow and Short Emotional Container
Implications to Externalization of Loneliness Mood
Type 3: Very Long but Shallow and Narrow Emotional Container
Implication to Externalization of Loneliness Mood
Type 4: Deep but Moderately Wide and Moderately Long Emotional Container
Implications to Externalization of Loneliness Mood
Type 5: Wide but Moderately Deep and Moderately Long Emotional Container
Implication to Externalization of Loneliness Mood
Type 6: Long but Moderately Deep and Moderately Wide Emotional Container
Implications to Externalization of Loneliness Mood
Emotional Container and Externalization of Loneliness Mood
Implications on Intervention to Persons with Borderline Personality Disorder
Loneliness in Borderline Personality Disorder
Aloneness as a Diagnostic Criteria
Loneliness and Emptiness in BPD Self Narration
Loneliness and Abandonment Trauma
Loneliness and Fear of Losing of Sense of Separateness
Loneliness, Guilt and Self Directed Anger
Guilt and Self Directed Anger
Loneliness and Self Directed Anger
Loneliness and Depression
Loneliness, Emptiness and Anger in a Person with BPD
Loneliness in Persons with BPD: A Multi-Dimensional Articulation
Intervention on Persons with Borderline Personality Disorder
A Multi-dimensional Recovery Model for Persons with Borderline Disorder
The Lonely Fighter becomes a Happy Kung Fu Master
Emotionality of Mental Illness. (2 Volume Set)
Volume I: Blunt Affect of Schizophrenia and Angry Feelings of Depression
Volume II: Sense of Dissociative Fear in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Loneliness Mood in Borderline Personality Disorder
( Psychology of Emotions, Motivations and Actions )
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