Chapter
1. Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Associated with a Novel Bunyavirus
1. Why this Case was Significantly Important as an Emerging Infection
2. What is the Causative Agent?
3. What is the Frequency of the Disease in Endemic Regions?
4. How is the Virus Transmitted?
5. What are the Clinical Manifestations of the Disease?
6. What are the Mechanisms of Pathogenesis?
7. How do you Diagnose the Infection?
8. How do you Differentiate the Infection from Similar Clinical Manifestations?
9. What are the Therapeutic Approaches?
10. What are the Preventive and Infection Control Measures?
2. Bas-Congo Virus: A Novel Rhabdovirus Associated with Acute Hemorrhagic Fever
Laboratory Investigation for Viral Hemorrhagic Fever (VHF) Diagnosis
Discovery of Bas-Congo Virus, a Novel Rhabdovirus, in Patient Serum
1. Why this Case was Significantly Important as an Emerging Infection
2. What is the Causative Agent?
2.1 BASV as the Etiologic Agent of an Acute Hemorrhagic Fever Syndrome
3. What is the Frequency of the Disease?
4. How is the Virus Transmitted?
5. What are the Clinical Manifestations?
7. How do you Differentiate this Disease from Similar Entities?
8. What is the Therapeutic Approach?
9. What are the Preventive and Infection Control Measures?
1. Why this Case was Significantly Important as an Emerging Infection
2. What is the Causative Agent?
3. What is the Frequency of the Disease?
4. How is the Virus Transmitted?
5. Which Factors are Involved in Disease Pathogenesis? What are the Pathogenic Mechanisms?
6. What are the Clinical Manifestations?
8. How do you Differentiate this Disease from Similar Entities?
9. What is the Therapeutic Approach?
10. What are the Preventive and Infection Control Measures?
1. Why Lassa Fever is Important as an Emerging Infection
2. What is the Causative Agent?
3. What is the Frequency of the Disease?
4. How is the Virus Transmitted?
5. Which Factors are Involved in Disease Pathogenesis? What are the Pathogenic Mechanisms?
6. What are the Clinical Manifestations?
7. How do you Make the Diagnosis?
8. How do you Differentiate this Disease from Similar Entities?
9. What is the Therapeutic Approach?
10. What are the Preventive and Infection Control Measures?
5. Alkhurma Hemorrhagic Fever
1. Why this Case was Significantly Important as an Emerging Infection
2. What is the Causative Agent?
3. What is the Frequency of the Disease?
4. How is the Virus Transmitted?
5. Which Factors are Involved in Disease Pathogenesis? What are the Pathogenic Mechanisms?
6. What are the Clinical Manifestations?
7.2 Molecular Detection: RT-PCR
7.3 Serological Diagnosis
8. How do you Differentiate this Disease from Similar Entities?
9. What is the Therapeutic Approach?
10. What are the Preventive and Infection Control Measures?
1. Why RVF Outbreak was Important as an Emerging Infection
2. What is the Causative Agent?
3. What is the Burden and Geographic Distribution of RVF?
4. How is RVFV Maintained and Transmitted?
4.3 Transmission to Humans
4.4 Inter-Epizootic Period and Virus Geographic Spread
5. Which Factors are Involved in Disease Pathogenesis? What are the Pathogenic Mechanisms?
6. What are RVF Clinical Manifestations?
8. How Do You Differentiate this Disease from Similar Entities?
9. What is the Therapeutic Approach?
10. What are the Preventive and Infection Control Measures?
10.1 Isolation Precaution
7. Lujo Virus Hemorrhagic Fever
1. Why this case was Significantly Important as an Emerging Infection
2. What is the Causative Agent?
3. What is the Frequency of the Disease?
4. How is the Virus Transmitted?
5. Which Factors are Involved in Disease Pathogenesis? what are the Pathogenic Mechanisms?
6. What are LHF Clinical Manifestations?
8. How do you Differentiate this Disease from Similar Entities?
9. What is the Therapeutic Approach?
10. What are the Preventive and Infection Control Measures?
10.1 Isolation Precautions
10.2 Post-exposure Management
8. Toscana Virus Infection
1. Why this Case was Significantly Important as an Emerging Infection
2. What is the Causative Agent?
3. What is the Frequency of the Disease?
4. How is the Virus Transmitted?
5. Which Factors are Involved in Disease Pathogenesis? what are the Pathogenic Mechanisms?
6. What are the Clinical Manifestations?
8. How do you Differentiate this Disease from Similar Entities?
9. What is the Therapeutic Approach?
10. What are the Preventive and Infection Control Measures?
Laboratory Investigations
Virological Investigation
1. Brief Justification on why this Case was Identified as Emergent
2. What is the Causative Agent?
3. What is the Frequency of the Disease?
4. What are the Transmission Routes?
4.1 Reported Routes of Transmission
4.2 Possible Other Routes of Transmission
5. What are the Clinical Manifestations?
7. How do you Differentiate this Disease from Similar Entities?
8. What is the Therapeutic Approach?
9. What are the Preventive and Infection Control Measures?
9.1.1 Controlling Ebola in Domestic Animals
9.1.2 Reducing the Risk of Ebola Infection in People
9.2 Infection Control Measures
10. Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever
1. Why this Case was Significantly Important as an Emerging Infection
2. What is the Causative Agent?
3. What is the Frequency of the Disease?
4. How is the Virus Transmitted?
5. Which Factors are Involved in Disease Pathogenesis? What are the Pathogenic Mechanisms?
6. What are the Clinical Manifestations?
7.2 Molecular Detection: RT-PCR
7.3 Indirect Serological Diagnosis
8. How do you Differentiate this Disease from Similar Entities?
9. What is the Therapeutic Approach?
10. What are the Preventive and Infection Control Measures?
10.1 Isolation Precautions
10.2 Post-exposure Management
11. Phlebotomus Fever—Sandfly Fever
1. Why this Case was Significantly Important as an Emerging Infection
2. What is the Causative Agent?
3. What is the Frequency of the Disease?
4. How is the Virus Transmitted?
5. Which Factors are Involved in Disease Pathogenesis? What are the Pathogenic Mechanisms?
6. What are the Clinical Manifestations?
8. How do you Differentiate this Disease from Similar Entities?
9. What is the Therapeutic Approach?
10. What are the Preventive and Infection Control Measures?
1. Why this Case was Significantly Important as an Emerging Infection
2. What is the Causative Agent?
3. What is the Frequency of the Disease?
4. How is the Virus Transmitted?
5. Which Factors are Involved in Disease Pathogenesis? What is the Pathogenic Mechanism?
6. What are the Clinical Manifestations?
8. How do you Differentiate this Disease from Similar Entities?
9. What is the Therapeutic Approach?
10. What are the Preventive and Infection Control Measures?
1. Why this case was significantly important as an emerging infection?
2. What is the Causative Agent?
3. What is the Frequency of the Disease in your Region?
4. How is the Virus Transmitted?
5. Which Factors are Involved in Disease Pathogenesis? What are the Pathogenic Mechanisms?
6. What are the Clinical Manifestations?
7. How do you Make the Diagnosis?
7.2 Molecular Detection: RT-PCR
7.4 Serological Diagnosis
8. How do you Differentiate this Disease from similar entities?
9. What is the Therapeutic Approach?
10. What are the Preventive and Infection Control Measures?
14. Middle East Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Infection
1. What is the Causative Agent?
2. What is the Frequency of the Disease? Prevalence, Incidence, Burden, and impact of the Disease
3. What are the Transmission Routes?
4. Which Factors are Involved in Disease Pathogenesis? What are the Pathogenic Mechanisms?
5. What are the Clinical Manifestations?
7. How Do You Differentiate this Disease from Similar Entities?
8. What is the Therapeutic Approach?
9. What are the Preventive and Infection Control Measures
1. Why this Case was Significantly Important as an Emerging Infection
2. What is the Causative Agent?
3. What is the Frequency of the Disease?
4. How is the Virus Transmitted?
5. Which Factors are Involved in Disease Pathogenesis? What are the Pathogenic Mechanisms?
6. What are the Clinical Manifestations?
7.1 Molecular Detection: PCR
7.2 Serological Diagnosis: ELISA
8. How do you Differentiate the Disease from Similar Entities?
9. What is the Therapeutic Approach?
10. What are the Preventive and Infection Control Measures?
16. Norovirus Gastroenteritis
1. Why this Case was Significantly Important as an Emerging Infection
2. What is the Causative Agent?
3. What is the Frequency of the Disease?
4. How is the Virus Transmitted?
5. Which Factors are Involved in Disease Pathogenesis? What are the Pathogenic Mechanisms?
6. What are the Clinical Manifestations?
8. How do you Differentiate this Disease from Similar Entities?
9. What is the Therapeutic Approach?
10. What are the Preventive and Infection Control Measures
17. Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC): Hemorrhagic Colitis and Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS)
1. Why this Case was Significantly Important as an Emerging Infection
2. What is the Causative Agent?
3. What is the Frequency of the Disease?
4. How are EHEC Transmitted?
5. Which Factors are Involved in Disease Pathogenesis? What are the Pathogenic Mechanisms?
6. What are the Clinical Manifestations?
7. How is the Disease Diagnosed?
8. How do you Differentiate this Disease from Similar Entities?
9. What is the Therapeutic Approach?
10. What are the Preventive and Infection Control Measures?
18. Emerging Clostridium difficile Infections
1. Why this Case was Significantly Important as an Emerging Infection
2. What is the Causative Agent?
3. What is the Frequency of the Disease?
4. How are the Bacteria Transmitted?
5. Which Factors are Involved in Disease Pathogenesis? What are the Pathogenic Mechanisms?
6. What are the Clinical Manifestations?
8. How Do You Differentiate this Disease from Similar Entities?
9. What is the Therapeutic Approach?
10. What are the Preventive and Infection Control Measures?
19. Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis
1. Why this Case was Significantly Important as an Emerging Infection
2. What is the Causative Agent?
3. What is the Frequency of the Disease?
4. How are the Bacteria Transmitted?
5. Which Factors are Involved in Disease Pathogenesis? What are the Pathogenetic Mechanisms?
6. What are the Clinical Manifestations?
8. How Do You Differentiate this Disease from Similar Entities?
9. What is the Therapeutic Approach?
10. What are the Preventive and Infection Control Measures?
20. Acinetobacter Infections
1. Why this Case was Significantly Important as an Emerging Infection
2. What is the Causative Agent?
3. What is the Frequency of the Disease?
4. How are the Bacteria Transmitted?
5. Which Factors are Involved in Disease Pathogenesis? What are the Pathogenic Mechanisms?
6. What are the Clinical Manifestations?
6.1 Nosocomial Infections
6.1.1 Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia
6.1.2 Bloodstream Infection (BSI)
6.1.4 Urinary Tract Infection
6.1.5 Traumatic Battlefield and Other Wounds
6.1.6 Other Manifestations
6.2 Community-Acquired Infections
8. How Do You Differentiate this Disease from Similar Entities?
9. What is the Therapeutic Approach?
10. What are the Preventive and Infection Control Measures?
21. Infections Due to NDM-1 Producers
1. Why was this Case Identified as Emergent?
2. What is the Causative Agent?
3. What is the Frequency of the Disease? (Prevalence, Incidence, Burden, and Impact of the Disease)
4. What are the Transmission Routes?
5. Which Factors are Involved in Disease Pathogenesis? What are the Pathogenic Mechanisms?
6. What are the Clinical Manifestations?
7.1 Diagnosis of Infected Patients
7.2 Identification of Carriers
8. How do you Differentiate this Disease from Similar Entities?
9. What is the Therapeutic Approach?
10. What are the Preventive and Infection Control Measures?
22. The Exserohilum rostratum Incident: The Compounding Pharmacy as a Source of Emerging Infections
1. Why this Case was Significantly Important as an Emerging Infection
2. What is the Causative Agent?
3. What is the Frequency of the Disease?
4. How are the Fungi Transmitted?
5. Which Factors are Involved in Disease Pathogenesis? What are the Pathogenic Mechanisms?
6. What are the Clinical Manifestations?
8. How do you Differentiate this Disease from Similar Entities?
9. What is the Therapeutic Approach?
9.3 Other Treatment Considerations
10. What are the Preventive and Infection Control Measures?
1. Why this Case was Significantly Important as an Emerging Infection
2. What is the Causative Agent?
3. What is the Frequency of the Disease?
4. What are the Transmission Routes?
5. Which Factors are Involved in Disease Pathogenesis? What are the Pathogenic Mechanisms?
6. What are the Clinical Manifestations?
6.1 Rhinocerebral Mucormycosis
6.2 Pulmonary Mucormycosis
6.3 Cutaneous Mucormycosis
6.4 Gastrointestinal Mucormycosis
6.5 Disseminated Mucormycosis
8. How do you Differentiate this Disease from Similar Entities?
9. What is the Therapeutic Approach?
10. What are the Preventive and Infection Control Measures?
1. Why this Case was Significantly Important as an Emerging Infection
2. What is the Causative Agent?
3. What is the Frequency of the Disease?
4. How are These Bacteria Transmitted?
5. What are the Pathogenic Mechanisms?
6. What are the Clinical Manifestations?
6.6 Other Rare Manifestations
6.7 Non-Specific Symptoms
8. How do you Differentiate this Disease from Similar Entities?
9. What is the Therapeutic Approach?
10. What are the Preventive and Infection Control Measures?
1. Why this Case was Significantly Important as an Emerging Infection
2. What is the Causative Agent?
3. What is the Frequency of the Disease/Epidemiology?
4. How is the Parasite Transmitted?
5. What Factors are Involved in Disease Pathogenesis? What are the Pathogenic Mechanisms?
6. What are the Clinical Manifestations?
8. How do you Differentiate this Disease from Similar Entities?
9. What is the Therapeutic Approach?
10. What are the Preventive and Infection Control Measures?
1. Brief Justification on Why this Case was Identified as Emergent
2. What is the Causative Agent? (Taxonomy and Description of the Agent)
3. What is the Frequency of the Disease? (Prevalence, Incidence, Burden, and Impact of the Disease)
4. What are the Transmission Routes?
5. Which Factors are Involved in Disease Pathogenesis? What is the Pathogenic Mechanism?
6. What are the Clinical Manifestations?
8. How do you Differentiate this Disease from Similar Entities?
9. What is the Therapeutic Approach?
10. What are the Preventive and Infection Control Measures?
10.2 Infection Control Measures
10.3 Managing Patients with Measles
10.4 Managing the Infection Control among Healthcare Workers
10.5 Managing Non-Immune Exposed Patients
1. Brief Justification on Why this Case was Identified as Emergent
2. What is the Causative Agent?
3. What is the Frequency of the Disease?
4. How are the Bacteria Transmitted?
5. Which Factors are Involved in Disease Pathogenesis? What are the Pathogenic Mechanisms?
6. What are the Clinical Manifestations?
8. How do you Differentiate this Disease from Similar Entities?
9. What is the Therapeutic Approach?
10. What are the Preventive and Infection Control Measures?
28. Buruli Ulcer (Atypical Mycobacteria)
1. Why this Case was Significantly Important as an Emerging Infection
2. What is the Causative Agent?
3. What is the Frequency of the Disease?
4. How are the Bacteria Transmitted?
5. What Factors are Involved in Disease Pathogenesis? What are the Pathogenic Mechanisms?
6. What are the Clinical Manifestations?
8. How do you Differentiate this Disease from Similar Entities?
9. What is the Therapeutic Approach?
10. What are the Preventive and Infection Control Measures?
Emerging Infectious Diseases
：Clinical Case Studies
( Volume 1 )
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