Front Cover

Advances in the Study of Behavior

Copyright

Contents

Contributors

Preface

Reference

Chapter One: Human Sperm Competition: Playing a Defensive Strategy

1. Introduction

2. Adaptations to Sperm Competition in Nonhuman Animals

2.1. Defensive Adaptations

2.1.1. Mate Guarding

2.1.2. Copulatory Plugs

2.1.3. Antiaphrodisiac Substances and Seminal Fluids

2.2. Offensive Adaptations

2.2.1. In-Pair Copulations

2.2.2. Testes Size, Sperm Quantity, and Sperm Quality

2.2.3. Strategic Ejaculate Adjustment to Sperm-Competition Cues

2.2.4. Male Genital Morphology

2.2.5. Sperm Morphology

2.3. Cryptic Female Choice

3. Has Sperm Competition Acted as a Selective Pressure in Human Evolution?

3.1. Defensive Sperm-Competition Strategies in Humans

3.1.1. Anticipating Female Infidelity

3.1.2. Preventing Female Infidelity

3.2. Offensive Sperm-Competition Strategies in Humans

3.2.1. In-Pair Copulations

3.2.2. Copulatory Behavior and Genital Morphology

3.2.3. Testes Size and Ejaculate Production

3.2.4. Sperm Morphology

3.2.5. Strategic Ejaculation in Response to Sperm-Competition Cues

3.2.6. The Importance of Lifestyle Factors in Studies of Semen Quality

3.3. Cryptic Female Choice in Humans

4. Conclusions and Directions for Future Research

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter Two: Magnetoreception in Mammals

1. Biological Significance of Magnetoreception

2. How to Study Magnetoreception and Its Function in Mammals? Experimental Paradigms and Interpretation of Findings

2.1. Homing

2.1.1. Homing in Rodents

2.1.2. Bats Use a Sun-Calibrated Magnetic Compass

2.1.3. Magnetoreception in Cetaceans

2.2. Conditioning

2.3. Induced Analgesia in Mice

2.4. Resting Places in Rodents and Bats

2.4.1. Nest-Building Preferences in Rodents

2.4.2. Roosting Preferences in Bats

2.5. Magnetic Alignment

2.5.1. North-South Oriented Herding of Cattle

2.5.2. Magnetic Alignment of Deer

2.5.3. Mousing Behavior of the Red Fox

2.5.4. Dogs Sense Small Changes in the Rate of Declination

3. Mechanisms of Magnetoreception in Mammals

3.1. Magnetite

3.2. Chemical Magnetoreception

3.3. Electromagnetic Induction

4. Do We (Humans) Sense the Magnetic Field?

5. The Impact of Anthropogenic Magnetic Noise on Mammals

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter Three: Aggressive Signaling in Song Sparrows and Other Songbirds

1. Introduction

2. Natural History of Song Sparrows

2.1. Territoriality and Mating System

2.2. Song

2.3. Song Learning

3. Functions of Song

4. Agonistic Displays of Song Sparrows

4.1. Background

4.2. Song Rate

4.3. Switching Frequency

4.4. Soft Songs and Wing Waves

4.5. Song-Type Matching

5. Dear-Enemy Relations

6. Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter Four: Pattern in Behavior: The Characterization, Origins, and Evolution of Behavior Patterns

1. Introduction

2. Pattern in Behavior: The Confluence of Continuous Variables

3. The Roles of Perceptual Rules, Body Shape, and Environmental Context

4. Are There Such Things as Behavior Patterns?

5. When Perceptual Rule, Posture, and Opportunity are not Enough

5.1. Head Scratching in Birds

5.2. Foot Versus Hand in the Scratching of Primates

6. A Theory for Neural Bias

7. What is Biased?

7.1. The ``Fixed Movement Rule´´ Bias

7.2. The ``Fixed Rules for Connecting Body Parts´´ Bias

7.3. The ``Fixed Rules for Access to Similar Actions´´ Bias

8. Stuck with the Sins of the Past?

8.1. Replacing One Bias with Another

8.1.1. The Evolution of Inhibitory Control

8.1.2. The Old as a Template for the New

8.2. Breaking Free of the Constraints Imposed by Biases

9. Conclusion: Bringing it all Together

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter Five: Sexual Conflict in Nonhuman Primates

1. Introduction

1.1. Sexual Conflict and Sexually Antagonistic Coevolution

1.2. Theoretical, Conceptual, and Methodological Frameworks

2. Sexual Coercion: Male Strategies

2.1. Forced Copulation

2.2. Sexual Harassment and Sexual Intimidation

2.2.1. Sexual Harassment

2.2.2. Sexual Intimidation

2.2.2.1. Chimpanzees

2.2.2.2. Macaques: Harassment or Intimidation?

2.2.2.3. Spider Monkeys (Ateles spp.): Mating Coercion or Social Control?

2.2.2.4. Chacma Baboons: (Aggressive) Use of Females as Social Tools

2.2.2.5. Mountain Gorillas: Multiple Functions of Male Aggression?

2.2.2.6. Sexual Coercion: Resistance as Mate Choice?

2.3. Costs of Sexual Coercion

2.3.1. Variation in Sexual Coercion

3. Sexual Coercion: Female Counterstrategies

3.1. Sexual Behavior and Reproduction

3.2. Individual Female Counterstrategies

3.3. Social Defense: Female-Female Alliances

3.4. Social Defense: Female-Male Alliances

3.5. Female Counterstrategies to Sexual Coercion: Concluding Remarks

4. Postcopulatory Sexual Conflict (Prezygotic)

4.1. Accessory Gland Secretions, Genital Plugs, Sperm, and the Female Reproductive Tract

4.2. Penis Morphology and Sexual Conflict

5. Sexual Conflict Over Parenting: Chimerism in Callitrichines?

6. Concluding Remarks

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter Six: Vocal Complexity in Meerkats and Other Mongoose Species

1. Introduction

1.1. Social Complexity and Communicative Complexity

1.2. Ecological Constraints on Communication

2. Meerkats and Other Mongoose Species

2.1. Study Species

2.2. Study Populations

3. Vocal Complexity in Mongoose Species

3.1. Vocal Repertoire Size

3.2. Discrete Versus Graded Vocal Systems

3.3. Call Combinations

3.4. Functionally Referential Calls Versus Less Context-Specific Calls

3.5. Information on Individual Attributes

3.6. Expression of Emotions

4. Conclusions and Future Directions

Acknowledgments

References

Further Reading

Chapter Seven: The Behavioral and Physiological Ecology of Adult Rubyspot Damselflies (Hetaerina, Calopterygidae, Odonata)

1. Introduction

2. Rubyspot Mating System: A True Odonate lek

3. Alternative Mating Tactics

3.1. Physiological and Morphological Predictors of ARTs, Condition, Male Mating Success, and Survival

3.2. Costs of Red Wing Spot

4. The Role of Juvenile Hormone on Male Sexual Behavior

5. Male Terminal Investment

6. What Drives Condition? Effects of Food at the Larval and Adult Stages

7. Sperm Competition and Genitalic Evolution

8. Female Roles and Sexual Conflict

9. Future Avenues of Research in Rubyspots

9.1. Mistakes in Species Recognition

9.2. The Role of Thermoregulation for Wing Spot Evolution

9.3. Hybridization

9.4. Comparative Behavioral Analyses in Calopterygidae

10. Wrapping Up: The Behavioral and Physiological Ecology of Rubyspots

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter Eight: The Study of Career Decisions: Oystercatchers as Social Prisoners

1. Conceptual Framework

2. Organization of the Review

3. Study Species: The Eurasian Oystercatcher Haematopus ostralegus

3.1. Population Studies

3.2. Social Organization

3.3. Identifying Social Positions

4. Joining the Queue for Breeding Territories

4.1. The Despotic Distribution and Deferred Maturity

4.2. Modeling the Queue

4.3. Site Dominance and Familiarity

5. Mate Choice and Divorce: Competing for Mates

6. Surviving the Nonbreeding Season

6.1. What are Oystercatchers Competing for During Winter?

6.2. Competition for Food: Depletion and/or Interference

6.3. The Mechanism(s) of Interference

6.4. Feeding Specialization and Competition

6.5. Feeding Distribution

6.6. Career Decisions During the Nonbreeding Season

7. Returning to the Breeding Area

8. The Impact of Natal Conditions on Social Careers

9. Remaining Challenges

9.1. Limiting Resources and Trade-Offs

9.2. Social Positions and Career Strategies

9.3. Do Males and Females Follow Different Careers?

9.4. Individual Variation, Personality, and Social Careers

9.5. Interlinked Career Decisions and Carry-Over Effects

10. Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

Index